Aquaculture Fish Resources

Questions: 1 What is a biological system way to deal with fisheries the board and where does aquaculture fit in?2 The best way to fulfill future requests for fish and shellfish will be through expanding aquaculture creation. Discuss.3 Describe the ongoing advances and imperatives of cultivating a named animal types. What are the future creation possibilities for this species?4.Lack of the board, inadequate natural information and low protection need are the greatest weaknesses to elasmobranch preservation. Talk about this announcement, supporting your contentions with examples.5 Describe the standards of MSE full-input recreation, and clarify what sort of bits of knowledge can be gotten from it, if vital outlined by (madeup)examples.6 .we have to stop disposes of, on the grounds that discarding food in an eager world devastates our picture and subverts information assortment. Along these lines I propose to land all gets and count them as a detriment to portions from M. Damanaki, EuropeanCommiss ioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, introduction to the European Parliament. Talk about the issues identifying with disposing of and whether you imagine that the proposed dispose of boycott under the Common Fisheries Reform (2012) is likely tobe powerful. Answers: 1. Aquaculture is the one of the divisions for business creation of fishes adding to the greater part of the fishes delivered everywhere throughout the world through various ways providing fish assets to a huge main part of worldwide populace. Keeping up supportability in aquaculture alludes to the creation of fishes without hurting the environment and its different parts so that the natural harmony between various oceanic creatures isn't intruded. The models that ought to be considered so as to set up a practical aquaculture framework are to set up a legitimate target and thought process in the support of manageability during the advancement of the aquaculture and to guarantee that significant prudent methodologies are taken for the best possible improvement of aquaculture parts (Bush et al. 2013). Others measures that ought to likewise be given be premier need are appropriate and right measure of feeds necessity as greater prerequisite builds the supplement load and less outcomes i n deficient food flexibly. Predator and prey cooperations between the different fishes and the sea-going creatures likewise ought to be appropriately judged. Appropriate checking ought to be done to keep away from the powerless living spaces and high hazard regions as both the aquaculture and the earth may confront misfortune as far as asset the executives. Contamination ought to be controlled. Appropriate administration ought to be done between the fisheries and aquaculture. Care ought to be given so as to accomplish significant level of government assistance in the aquaculture organizations. Legitimate approach by the specialists ought to be actualized without the nearness of any escape clauses so disparities regarding abundance asset use and devastation of the biological system can be forestalled (Lazard et al 2014). 2. An environment way to deal with asset the executives in fisheries can be depicted as those methodologies which would oversee then legitimate creation of fish assets to the current age remembering the target that would forestall the imperiling of choices of accomplishing this asset by the people in the future so they can likewise appreciate the advantage from an assortment of scopes of products and ventures acquired from the oceanic assets. This can be very surely known by a model. Fisheries without an environment approach have brought about decreasing the bounty and bringing forth capability of the objective fishes because of spontaneous overfishing. Boundaries like development, development and numerous others are additionally found to have been influenced (Jennings et al. 2014). Abuse of the assets by adjusting the age, size, sex proportion, hereditary qualities and species structure of the objective assets seriously affected the natural solidness. Poor administration and absence of manageability arranging brought about overfishing breaking the soundness of the environment hampering the assets. A biological system approach of asset the board in aquaculture incorporates an arranged usage of assortments of various fishes, mollusks, crabs, prawns, mussels and others in an environment so an appropriate stable environment is available in the earth with appropriately kept up food networks and natural ways of life so both the present and the people in the future can appreciate the fish assets without hurting the conveying limit of the earth and hurting the biological equalization by over creation and misuse of the assets. A model can be given to depict the issues. An enormous effect was found on the food web of the types of the specific locale. Business extraction of an objective animal types brought about slamming down of the food cycle hampering the common environmental parity of the specific biome (Laugen et al. 2014). Different effects were additionally perceived from this training, for example, the absence of legitimate cooperations between the diverse fishery assets and the earth, no appropriate arranging of keeping up the maintainability while different fishery assets are used, poor administration strategies and impromptu logical methodology bringing about pulverization of the conveying limit of a specific biome. 3. Worldwide environmental change has been the main worry for an enormous number of tree huggers in every aspect of investigates as it had propounding impacts on each living being available on the earth and aquaculture has not been a special case from it. There is an ascent of temperature for around 4 degree Celsius from the preindustrial time and such ascent of temperature has influenced the circulation of fishes in each water bodies on earth and has additionally influenced the profitability of the fishes. Keeping up maintainability has gotten troublesome and has along these lines influenced the networks whose living relies on aquaculture. Ascent of ocean level because of a dangerous atmospheric devation has influenced the beach front angling environments with the difference in precipitation design influencing the inland aquaculture frameworks (Bell et al 2013). Rising acridity in the seas influenced the creation of shrimps, clams, and corals as their shell development gets influenc ed because of disturbance in calcification procedures and loweing of Ph. Zooplanktons framing the base of marine natural way of life gets influenced as they likewise have calcite cells. Jokester angles experience the ill effects of conduct issue as they lose their hearing capacity and making a decision about capacity to escape from predators and fancy pisciculture likewise gets influenced (Merino et al. 2012). Rising degrees of ocean water regularly brings about floods and along the Mekong stream the huge amounts of bhasha fish creation additionally gets influenced because of the saltwater interruption coming about because of rising ocean level and dams. 4. There are various contrasts between the lampreys and hagfishes. Lampreys stay in both new and marine water and can live as both parasite and nonparasite. It might grow up to 1 meter. Hagfish is just marine and lives just as parasite. Anyway like lampreys it additionally grows up to 1 meter. Lampreys body is less foul and is strong. It has a mouth which is terminal and pair of eyes are useful. Anyway hagfish has weak body the skin is a lot of foul. The eyes are degenerative and the situation of the mouth is terminal (Nelson, Grande and Wilson 2016). Lampreys teeth are bigger and the tongue isn't very much evolved. It has an all around created mind and genders are independent. Anyway hagfish has very much evolved tongue, littler teeth, less created cerebrum and the genders are not isolated that is they are bisexual. Lamprey has 20 cranial nerves and furthermore has gill cuts which are 14 in number. Hagfishes show 16 cranial nerves and 2 gill cuts. The lamprey has salivary organs where they discharge anticoagulant to expel the skin and substance of their prey and suck blood. The hagfishes predominantly are scroungers and eat dead fishes and don't have any salivary organs (Hardisty 2013). The improvement of lamprey is aberrant that is their lifecycle comprises of phases of advancement from hatchling. The hagfishes grow legitimately without experiencing the hatchling stage. 5. Disposing of in angling can be characterized as the procedure that is utilized to discharge those species which are discovered during the angling rehearses which are unexpected and are along these lines disposed of in the water itself. Frequently this dispose of might contain other significant business species close to the objective species that outcomes in extra advantage to the fisher man. The by gets which are not significant are disposed of back for the most part because of the nearness of limited portion and is affected by the decision of rigging or because of fishermans conduct (Bellman and Heery 2013). Evaluation of disposed of is a profoundly troublesome undertakings and results consistently appear to shift. Appraisal is finished by the onlooker present at the site and time of the disposes of and needs to take certain presumptions as a main priority for right estimation. A direct connection between the complete arrivals and the disposes of must be basically expected. From the dispose of rates that is concentrated from the absolute arrivals of the fisheries, all out amount of the disposes of is then determined. Under numerous conditions it is discovered that, dispose of paces of numerous nations are viewed as immaterial, for example, in high quality and means fisheries while in estimating disposes of during fish angling requires information from worldwide fish the board. Be that as it may, measurement purposes require greater advancement particularly including physical bookkeeping and valuation of the biological effects in a more extensive range. Equivalent likelihood and likelihoo d corresponding are additionally channeled t evaluate angles disposes of. Disposes of can be diminished by specialized, regulatory just as financial methods. Specialized methods includes improving the selectivity of fishes and taking out approaches to lessen non-target species or make it productive procedure to keep them. Gadgets and apparatus change can help. Regulatory measure contains constraining the quantity of vehicle to inh

International Journal Life Cycle Assessment -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The International Journal Life Cycle Assessment? Answer: Introducation As indicated by Gmelin and Seuring (2014) item, life-cycle can be determined as a progression of methodologies applied by the administration as the item experiences its life-cycle. The working situation is accepted to be progressively entangled because of increment in no. of client and a broad intelligent system of providers. According to the scholar, the answer for the predefined issue is the improvement of significant cooperation between Product Development Process (PDP) and Product Introduction Process (PIP). Further; suitable industrial facility approach thinks about the chance to quit trading off with every component of the creation framework so proper nature of the item can be accomplished. The fundamental target of short item lifecycle the executives (PLM) is to diminish the time devoured in exercises, for example, improving the nature of the item, ascertainment of accessibility of potential deals openings and income contributions and so on. It is important to get to the possi bility of client, market and contenders of the item so as to accomplish achievement with respect to the recently propelled item. (Mancini, 2015) For the making of fruitful new items, the business is required to comprehend their clients, markets and contenders. According to Sonnemann and et al. (2015), Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) set up three primary variations, for example information, individuals, the method identifying with business frameworks. The equivalent gives the data identifying with the item to organizations just as expanded gracefully chain venture. It has been noted by - day by day lives of the customer are identified with an assortment of little life-cycle Made-To-Stock items. These sorts of items are generally bought on the visit to the grocery store for instance; family unit merchandise; adornments articles of clothing and so on. The life-pattern of these items is normally three to a half year, and because of same explanation, they are ordered as popularity instability items (Subrahmanian Lee and Granger, 2015). Fisher indicates such items as inventive items and has affirmed that administration of flexib ly chain exercises of these items is increasingly intricate as gracefully affix identifying with these item required being progressively responsive. The idea of PLM is considered to survey the whole vision of adequately overseeing and making associations with data relating procedure and creation information which required to be structured alongside supporting and keeping up till extreme removal of produced products. So as to lessen the stock time frame and increment the benefit of association, PLM is applying business arrangements in a reliable way so as to give help with cooperative creation, spread, business framework and data (Arnett, Sandvik and Sandvik, 2018). As indicated by the expressions of Rushton, Croucher and Baker (2014), on the off chance that the range life of an item is short, challenges identifying with proceeding with arrangements and acquirement, diminishing unit cost of procurement coming to immense business volume is to be looked by the association. The retailer faces the monetary misfortune either because of short flexibly or abundance gracefully, and the equivalent relies upon the exhibition of item and fig ure of the retailer. It is essential that inward and outside gracefully chains ought to be composed in a fitting way to accomplish the pre-decided objectives identifying with the item. Investigation So as to achieve the bit of leeway identifying with economies of scale; it is important that merchants and transporters use amount limits so as to pull in firms to buy their item in mass amounts to impact the organizations to arrange in bigger amounts. Indeed, even the conveyance windows are applied by the association so as to achieve and ship short life cycle items. It has become a need for the association to design the most proper acquirement and transportation plan during the item life cycle so as to make the item effective. In any case, according to the expressions of Zhou (2017), improved acknowledgment can be affirmed by specialists and analysts to evaluate the end season through dissecting the business example of the item. Cantamessa and Valentini planned a deterministic numerical model for taking a suitable choice identifying with the creation plan for new item finding out the advantages through the use of responsive delay purchase and lost deals methodologies. It is difficult to conjecture or gauge the interest for the new item as it is profoundly unusual at the hour of its dispatch. In any case, evaluation of interest for the new item is very unsurprising. Be that as it may, the interest for the new item is exceptionally unsure and erratic at its dispatch; be that as it may, it turns out to be progressively unsurprising subsequent to investigating an early interest design (Raman). As indicated by the perspectives on Slack (2015), fast reaction inquire about system can be applied to evaluated data identifying with request and modern sourcing alternatives can be recommended through same. The earlier investigation identifying with the interest for item discovers the amounts which will be requested. One increasingly variation which is viewed as which making the request, for example unit item cost unit transportation does exclude variation with the change in requested amount (Zurich, 2017). As the pace of retail rack space has been developing in an upgraded way; it has gotten important to find out ideal conveyance plan for secured items. It is one of the primary issues looked by association creating items having a short life expectancy. Coordinating flexibly chain procedures can be applied to the association delivering imaginative (an item having momentary life), as these necessary responsive gracefully chain for helping out interest vulnerability and short item life cycle. It tends to be evaluated from above figure that lone two sorts of the item have vided assortment of range alongside shifting degrees of utilitarian and in vogue qualities. By thinking about by and large pattern; short item life cycle is in its development stage. This is the phase where deals of the item increment with upgrading rate. The explanation for same is that early adopters keep on purchasing the items and at a later stage, purchasers keep on following the lead. This stage assumes a critical job in making progress just as covering the significant measure of venture identifying with the item. So as to achieve development stage, it is important that associations are propelling another item to evaluate the advertising in a proper way so the item is as per the decision of the client. As cost identifying with advancement is spread over a huge volume, and unit cost of the item diminishes because of upgraded creation; high benefits are earned during the development stage. In the nick of time Purchase methodology can be applied by the association to satisfy the interest and simultaneously cost of the item is likewise reasonable; along these lines associ ation accomplishes both the points of interest through the utilization of this procedure. This will likewise help with limiting stock, and same will bring about generally speaking cost decrease for business. According to the perspectives on Gmelin and Seuring (2014), the ascent sought after for an item prompts increment in contenders and new contestants. In this way, it brings about the presentation of new highlights just as extend existing business sector. It is important to consider this issues which making Product Development Process so as to prepare the association for confronting these issues. Activity plan It is important to build up a fitting activity plan so as to accomplish foreordained objectives. Another fundamental variation which is to be surveyed that all stages from the underlying phase of research investigation to client criticism ought to be thought of while building up an activity plan. A fitting activity plan for momentary item fabricating association has been determined underneath: Movement Depiction Movement to be directed by Timeframe Research and examination of market For another item having an actual existence cycle, it is essential that examination of market ought to be done on the earlier premise to discover the interest of the item and the decision of the client to evaluate the characteristics which client is looking for in the item. Chief and Marketing Executive of association Six to Eight Months Appraisal of cost of item It is important to survey the expense of the item in a suitable way; on the grounds that on the off chance that the new contestant gives the item at a more significant expense than it gets hard to draw in the clients. In this way existing cost at which item is being sold at the market and the quality gave at that cost is required to be evaluated in a fitting way. Records Department Each half year Examination of contenders As per the assessment of Sonnemann (2015), to make own steady position it is vital that current contenders ought to be surveyed in detail. This movement will upgrade the odds of benefiting accessible open doors which will eventually expand the benefit of the association. Showcasing Manager On proceed with premise Assurance of selling cost It is imperative to decide the selling cost of the item by different estimating methodologies accessible like expense in addition to evaluating or based on showcase based valuation in which past experience of the organization might be utilized to value the items. Point by point measurements are required to base the estimating of the costs. In any case, the last cost of the item relies upon the clients who will purchase the item. Because of enormous scope rivalry, it is shrewd to keep the costs according to the clients. Chief It will be resolved once and exertion will be made to proceed with the equivalent. Input from client Client input is a significant piece of the whole activity plan as it reflects clients feeling and perspectives with respect to the item. According to the perspectives on Rusht

Reflections

Reflections I know that its been a long year, and now that youve had a week to process the decisions, I thought Id offer some thoughts on the process, both to those who were admitted and those who were not. From reading your applications, I know how much energy and care you put into them. For the last several months, as you have been waiting to find out your decisions, we have been reading and discussing your applications with the great care and thoroughness that they deserve. On behalf of the entire staff, I want to say thank you for your interest in MIT, and for sharing your stories with us. We have all been truly inspired by them. Many of your applications brought back some memories for me. When I was in high school more than 25 years ago, I played Ultimate Frisbee and attended the Saturday morning Columbia science program. I took the city bus to my public high school every day and had a job all through my high school years. Of course, there are many other experiences that I read about that are completely foreign to me. I have never assisted at a calving, had my artwork displayed in a museum, nor led a group of students through a rainy trek up Illimani. This is certainly one of the exciting things about college that you will soon experience: the chance to learn with and from students from all over the world with backgrounds both similar and completely different from yours. This opportunity, in fact, may turn out to be the one you most treasure about your college days. Reading through your applications, I was also reminded of how different things are today. Not so much in terms of your backgrounds or aspirations, but simply in how many more applicants we have. When I applied to MIT, we admitted one out of three applicants; this year we admitted just one out of nine. There are now more students graduating from high school than ever before, and more of them are going on to college. Add to that an increase in the number of students who recognize the value of the type of education that MIT offers, and this year becomes the toughest year in our history. And so, given that just about all of you are well-qualified for admission, there were simply not enough spaces for the large number of highly qualified applicants, many of whom I would absolutely love to invite to our campus. The one thing I hope you will keep in mind is that your college experience will be what you make of it. If you maintain the sense of optimism, initiative, creativity, and service that I experienced in your applications, you will thrive wherever you wind up. For those who will come to MIT, I welcome you. For those who will study elsewhere, I wish you the best of luck, and perhaps we will see you again in the future. I am counting on all of you to help make the world a better place. And I know you can, because I read all about you in your applications. Thanks to you, I have enormous hope for the future.

Reflections

Reflections I know that its been a long year, and now that youve had a week to process the decisions, I thought Id offer some thoughts on the process, both to those who were admitted and those who were not. From reading your applications, I know how much energy and care you put into them. For the last several months, as you have been waiting to find out your decisions, we have been reading and discussing your applications with the great care and thoroughness that they deserve. On behalf of the entire staff, I want to say thank you for your interest in MIT, and for sharing your stories with us. We have all been truly inspired by them. Many of your applications brought back some memories for me. When I was in high school more than 25 years ago, I played Ultimate Frisbee and attended the Saturday morning Columbia science program. I took the city bus to my public high school every day and had a job all through my high school years. Of course, there are many other experiences that I read about that are completely foreign to me. I have never assisted at a calving, had my artwork displayed in a museum, nor led a group of students through a rainy trek up Illimani. This is certainly one of the exciting things about college that you will soon experience: the chance to learn with and from students from all over the world with backgrounds both similar and completely different from yours. This opportunity, in fact, may turn out to be the one you most treasure about your college days. Reading through your applications, I was also reminded of how different things are today. Not so much in terms of your backgrounds or aspirations, but simply in how many more applicants we have. When I applied to MIT, we admitted one out of three applicants; this year we admitted just one out of nine. There are now more students graduating from high school than ever before, and more of them are going on to college. Add to that an increase in the number of students who recognize the value of the type of education that MIT offers, and this year becomes the toughest year in our history. And so, given that just about all of you are well-qualified for admission, there were simply not enough spaces for the large number of highly qualified applicants, many of whom I would absolutely love to invite to our campus. The one thing I hope you will keep in mind is that your college experience will be what you make of it. If you maintain the sense of optimism, initiative, creativity, and service that I experienced in your applications, you will thrive wherever you wind up. For those who will come to MIT, I welcome you. For those who will study elsewhere, I wish you the best of luck, and perhaps we will see you again in the future. I am counting on all of you to help make the world a better place. And I know you can, because I read all about you in your applications. Thanks to you, I have enormous hope for the future.

The Bad Ones an Allegory of the Salem Witch Trials

The Bad Ones An Allegory of the Salem Witch Trials The raccoon crawled slowly, limping on one leg, his eyes deranged and blood-shot. Even though he was frightening to look at, the raccoon was guilty of nothing other than having a bad case of rabies. A young squirrel, ignorant to the fact that the raccoon was rabid, immediately told his family, who immediately told their friends, who told their cousins, who engulfed the whole forest in the viral rumor that the raccoon was a Bad One. The Bad Ones now threatened the sanity of a wooded area that was once as serene, beautiful, and close to Heaven as a bunch of trees could possibly get. â€Å"Did you hear! The raccoon is a Bad One!† â€Å"He was acting so strangely the other day.† â€Å"Well, we†¦show more content†¦Everyone was as silent as a wall. Accusations immediately stopped. The jails were cleared, and proper funerals were given to the 25 innocent victims. The large gray bird, content with how things turned out, was at peace. There was no doubt that for quit e a while, the residents of the woods were depressed. But eventually, the forest worked its way back up to being as serene, beautiful, and close to Heaven as a bunch of trees could possiblyShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Red Scare Allegory For The Crucible878 Words   |  4 PagesRed scare allegory for the crucible The salem witch hunts and the Red Scare caused big problems and death in the U.S. In 1950 everyone was scared that communism would spread to the united states and McCarthy wanted to get rid of all communist in the united states but instead accused innocent citizens. In salem 1692 multiple girls were out in the woods dancing and were thought to be possessed and working with the devil. Girls accused many citizens in salem claiming they were witches and causingRead More‘The Crucible’ as an Allegory for McCarthyism Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pages‘The Crucible’ is an allegory. An allegory is a story with an obvious meaning but if you look deeper into it, there is another meaning. In this case, the obvious meaning is the Salem witch-hunt and the hidden meaning is McCarthyism. McCarthyism started in the early 1950’s and it was governmental accusations with no evidence. Joseph McCarthy started doing trials on those he thought were communist, but he had no evidence for it. This is the same as the witch trials in The Crucible. Arthur Miller wroteRead MoreThe Crucible By Comparing The Salem Witch Trials1431 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"No one man can terrorize a whole nation unless we are all his accomplices.† During the Red Scare, Senator McCarthy did terrorize a whole nation, and Arthur Miller became a victim of McCarthyism. Miller suffered through accusations of possibly believing in communism; as a result, he wrote a play called The Crucible, in which he used the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 to explain the communist hysteria during the 1950s. Arthur Miller develops an allegory in The Crucible by comparing the Salem Witch TrialsRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay640 Words   |  3 Pages The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller is a play that takes place in the late 17th century during the famous yet tragic witch trials. It is a story that contains the many struggles that came about as a result of the strict Puritan setting. Millers depiction of the Salem witch trials deals with a community that starts out with a tightly knit and church loving faà §ade. However, once finger pointing at the witches began, the community starts accusing each other. Hysteria and hidden agendas broke downRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 PagesI go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!† This is when Abigail Williams confesses to being a witch. This outburst shows the hypocrisy in Salem as well as ignorance towards the idea of the witch trials. Beginning with confessions of a meeting with the devil, continuing with declaring a reunification with Jesus, and endi ng with of course, accusing others of witchcraft. The false confessions favorRead MoreFilm Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace1505 Words   |  7 Pagesin the 2002 hit movie Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace, Liam Neeson is quoted as saying, â€Å"Your focus determines your reality.† In the context of Salem, Massachusetts, this means that if one focuses on witches and witchcraft, their reality will then become witches and witchcraft. This is exactly what happened during the Salem Witch Trials during the late 1690’s, as immortalized in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. The small Puritan colony became so engrossed with fear of the Christian Devilâ„ ¢ thatRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller945 Words   |  4 Pagesfaith and truth becomes quite blurred during the development of the drama. Even though the line is blurred by the events in the drama, Arthur Miller is making very clear statements about the line dividing faith and truth. Millerâ€⠄¢s The Crucible is an allegory meant to be understood through various mediums as criticism of the 1950’s era of McCarthyism. The language and tone of characters in The Crucible through several settings and situations make it very clear what Arthur Miller s feelings are regardingRead MoreAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Man s Fall 1438 Words   |  6 Pagesan out-of-control religion by using symbolic influence in idea development. The literature criticism proves the need for a multi-pronged comprehensive critical approach to the story for an adequate comprehension of numerous layers of Hawthorne’s allegory that he communicates accordingly. Young Goodman Brown has a history. Guerin (29) compares it to wine that improves in body and flavor. Over the years, the story ripens hence introducing the modern thinkers onto a new world of meanings where theyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1314 Words   |  6 Pages Based off of the play written by Arthur Miller, The Crucible is based on the true story about the Salem Witch Trials which were held in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The main actors are Daniel Day-Lewis who plays Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, Paul Scofield as Judge Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth, Bruce Davison as Parris, and Rob Campbell as Hale. The movie was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was produced by David Picker. The action â€Å"takes place in 1692 at a time when people were livingRead MoreEssay about McCarthyism as Modern Witch Hunts1614 Words   |  7 PagesMcCarthyism as Modern Witch Hunts McCarthyism: The Real Witch Hunts Some people nowadays may consider the government, or some of its agencies, corrupt. Todays scenario is nothing compared to that of McCarthyism in the 1950s. During McCarthyism, the nation was being torn apart. Their loyalty to one another was crushed and common human decency went down the drain (Miller, Crucible xiv). These Communist hunts were eerily similar to the witch hunts and trials of Salem Massachusetts in the

Juvenile Delinquency - 3872 Words

Juvenile delinquency Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, or youth crime, is participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutory age of majority).Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, and courts. A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. In recent years, the average age for first arrest has dropped significantly, and younger boys and girls are committing†¦show more content†¦Because most teenagers tend to show some form of antisocial, aggressive or delinquent behavior during adolescence, it important to account for these behaviors in childhood, in order to determine whether they will be life-course-persistent offenders, or adolescents-limited offenders.Although adolescent-limited offenders tend to drop all criminal activity once they enter adulthood, and show less pathology than life-course-persistent offenders, they still show more mental health, substance abuse, and finance problems, both in adolescence and adulthood, than those who were never delinquent. †¢ Sex differences Juvenile offending is disproportionately committed by young men. Feminist theorists and others have examined why this is the case. One suggestion is that ideas of masculinity may make young men more likely to offend. Being tough, powerful, aggressive, daring and competitive becomes a way for young men to assert and express their masculinity.Acting out these ideals may make young men more likely to engage in antisocial and criminal behavior. Also, the way young men are treated by others, because of their masculinity, may reinforce aggressive traits and behaviors, and make them more susceptible to offending. Alternatively, young men may actually be naturally more aggressive, daring and prone to risk-taking. According to a study led by Florida StateShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency1154 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion In common parlance, there is an understanding of juvenile delinquency as meaning adolescents breaking the law or participating in mischievous behavior. Defining juveniles as being under the age of 18 years is the general rule of thumb because, in the current legal system, upon reaching this age individuals can be tried as adults, serve in the military, and, in some states, consume alcohol. (Reckless, 1972) One may ask why juvenile delinquency is viewed as a separate construct from adult deviantRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2109 Words   |  9 PagesJuvenile Delinquency 1 Juvenile Delinquency: Features, Causes and Solutions Shen Cheng Class: 110 Teacher: Stephanie February 29, 2012 Juvenile Delinquency 2 Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Nowadays, there is no denying that Juvenile Delinquency has become one of the hottest social issues. The features, causes, and solutions of Juvenile Delinquency will be discussed about in this research. II. The features of Juvenile Delinquency A. The average age of juveniles who commitRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2343 Words   |  10 PagesOpener: B. Thesis statement: This term paper explores how family issues attribute to juvenile delinquency and how to overcome it. II. First and foremost, an unstable family structure is one of the contributing factors to juvenile delinquency. A. Single-parent household vs. two-parent household B. Child maltreatment 1. emotional neglect 2. physical abuse III. Secondly, studies have shown that juvenile delinquency is conclusively related to the family environment. A. Family cohesion B. Increasing numberRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 PagesVersion). Juvenile crime, in law, term denoting various offense committed by children or youth under the age of 18. U.S. official crime reported that in the mid-1900’s â€Å"about one-fifth of all persons arrested for crimes were under the age of 18† (Funk Wagnalls, 2014). Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency (Funk Wagnalls, 2014. Offering constructive programs reduces juvenile delinquency and reduces recidivism. â€Å"From the beginning, the principal consideration of the juvenile courtsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Adult Delinquency2861 Words   |  12 PagesAlexis Kelly SOC 333 William Franks Spring 2015 Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Programs What is juvenile delinquency? Juvenile delinquency relates to minors who commit law violations. Instead of adults commiting â€Å"crimes’, juveniles are considered to commit â€Å"delinquent acts†. Society sees juvenile delinquents as immature and in need of guidance, which is different to adults, who are seen to be responsible for their crimes. Juvenile delinquency can occur in any community, neighborhood, and schoolsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency2264 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency is the participation of illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit. A delinquent is a minor who commits a crime or a status offense. A status offense is conduct that is illegal only because the child is under age i.e. smoking cigarettes (Senna 10, 20). The cases of Eric Smith, Lionel Tate, and an unidentified NJ child are similar only because, they are guilty of killing another child, but the Criminal Justice System treated and punished them very different lyRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 PagesDay in and day out residents and visitors to the Boston area are affected by juvenile crime and delinquency. Though the crime rates in MA and across the nation are on a steady decline, these juvenile crimes are still considered a serious matter that needs attention. It is thought that juvenile offenders do not cope as well with the criminal justice system as well as adults may be able to and therefore there needs to be a focus on how the system can better aid in the rehabilitation of these youthfulRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which an adult would be tried at a criminal court. New statistics give an alarming picture: juvenile delinquency is higher as never before. According to the census bureau, in 2008 there were 1,653,000 recorded delinquent offenses in the United States. This is a 23.6% increase from 1990 when 1,337,000 delinquent offenses occurred. Today, a lot of people demand lowering the age of criminal responsibility and draconian penalties (JensonRead MoreThe And Prevention Of Juvenile Delinquency970 Words   |  4 PagesJuveniles in the justice system is an issue relevant not only to people in the criminal justice system but to society in general. There have been a number of studies done that link serious behavior problems in children to adult criminal conduct. In more recent years, there has been more research done regarding the causes and prevention of juvenile delinquency. The Department of Juvenile Justice lists 3 broad categories with many subcategories to help us understand what contributes to juvenile delinquencyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violence

James M. Cain s Mildred Pierce And The Movie Version ``

There is a common belief, in modern and traditional film industry, that almost every adaptation (loose, faithful and strict) from novel to film is considered a backslide or a disloyalty to the original author and readers. However, in 1945 Warner Bros. produced the movie Mildred Pierce based on the same name novel written by James M. Cain. This film not only became an exception in this general view, but also amazed the audience and even Cain himself by extraordinary performances and unique edit technique and literary point of view. There are a few distinctions between Cain’s Mildred Pierce and the movie version, mostly with the ingenious use of different point of views in several specific film scenes. In this paper, I want to discuss more about on that subject which are listed as follows. Literary point of view is the perspective through which a story is communicated to our audience in order to influence the way we interpret, examine and analysis the film. In the novel version, Cane generally takes a 3rd person point of view to objectively present the struggle life Mildred experiences in order to reflect the bigger picture of contemporary American social and domestic conflicts after World War I. Also a few 1st person (inside) point of view was added in the form of Mildred’s emotional status and moral activity to emphasize her resolution to give Veda a more elegant live. On the other hand, the movie takes a completely different approach to narrate the story by partlyShow MoreRelated Themes in the Novel and Movie Adaptation of James Cain’s Mildred Pierce1573 Words   |  7 PagesThemes in the Novel and Movie Adaptation of James Cain’s Mildred Pierce In contemporary film making, â€Å"Hollywood-ization† generally refers to the re-creation of a classic work in a form more vulgar and sexually explicit than the original in an effort to boost movie attendance. After all, sex and violence sell. However, from the mid-1930’s to the 1950’s, â€Å"Hollywood-ization† referred to the opposite case where controversial books had to be purified to abide by the Production Code of 1934.[1]Read More James M. Cains Novel Mildred Pierce: Comparing the Book and Movie Version869 Words   |  4 PagesJames M. Cains Novel Mildred Pierce: Comparing the Book and Movie Version Mildred Pierce is one of the greatest novels written by James M. Cain. After the success of the novel, the Hollywood film came out, produced by Jerry Wald. The novel and the movie are very different from each other. â€Å"James M. Cain sent several letters of complaint to producer Jerry Wald, objecting to the changes Wald wanted to make, especially the dramatic idea of making Veda a washout musically and putting her inRead MoreJames M. Cain s Mildred Pierce765 Words   |  4 Pagesalteration of the content to fit the form and standards of the new medium. Adapted from 300-page novel to a 2-hour movie, Michael Curtiz’s Mildred Pierce is a prime example of a loose Hollywood adaption that makes drastic changes in characters, narrative configurations, and framing structure to conform to the standards and expectations of American cinema. Most ostensibly, the movie employs murder as a framing device and a hook to draw the audience’s attention to Mildred’s story, th erefore transformingRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pages1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place by 1930. For the next three decades, the movie industry in the United States and the rest of the world operated by according to these principles. Cultural, social and economic changes ensured the demise of this system after the Second World War. A new way to run Hollywood was

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Australian Conglomera

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility for Australian Conglomerate. Answer: Part A Wesfarmers Limited is an Australian conglomerate which is mainly does business related to fertilizers, safety products, chemicals, coal mining and industry. It is headquartered in the city of Perth which is in Western Australia. It has expanded its business in entire Australia and New Zealand. Wesfarmers limited is a leading producer of metallurgical coal and thermal coal for generation of domestic power. Operation of the company is done in Curragh Coal mine located near Blackwater in the basin of Queenslands Bowen (Wesfarmers.com.au 2016). The company also owns its shares in the Bengalla mine located in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Wesfarmers have strong belief in delivering reasonable returns in favor of its stakeholders. The company focuses on revenue performance of the business as well as on other areas of sustainability which are people, community support, economic contribution, environment, governance, carbon and energy (Tricker 2015). In recent years the company has b een focused on providing sustainability reports covering the five agendas. In the following year, the focus will not only be on the performance but also on the opinions and interests of the stakeholders which they hold very dear to themselves (Wesfarmers.com.au 2016). The report will be in consensus with the Global Reporting Index (GRI) which inspires other organizations to report on issues which are important to both the company as well as the stakeholders. This type of reporting standard is new to Wesfarmers and the company is willing to evolve to new standards such as G4 guidelines (Westphal and Zajac 2013). It is imperative for the business of the company that all the stakeholders take active participation in the business and operations of the company and they are notified about the actions taken by the firm. Since the stakeholders of Wesfarmers belong to the group of business people who get affected by the decisions taken by the company (Denis 2016). Wesfarmers Comparison Since the company is keen in declaring their sustainability report every year it becomes important to compare the report of two consecutive years of 2014 and 2015 to identify the changes made in the decisions of the company. The sustainability report contains certain features such as people, sourcing, community, environment and governance (McCahery, Sautner and Starks 2016). In the following report, the discussion of three aspects which are economic environmental and social will be done in compliance with the G4 guidelines. Aspects 2014 2015 Conclusion Social Aspect Wesfarmers makes an impact on the community in several ways. It helps the community in fooding, tools and clothing. Provides employment opportunities to the local people with the ratio of one in fifty five eligible citizens who pay tax to the Australian government (Acharya et al. 2013). It also supports the non-profit organizations. In the year 2015, Wesfarmers have contributed to the welfare of society in the same way by providing food and clothing to the citizens. But the ratio of employment generation has reduced to one person employed among 59 people. Rest of the community service such as government taxes, supporting the non-profit-organizations all is done with same intensity (Nini, Smith and Sufi 2012). Australian economy is strongly affected by its revenue contribution as out of 98 percent of its revenue 75 percent is used to benefit the Australian people. The revenue earned by the company which is around 98 percent of which 80 percent share is accounted in the service of Australian citizens. It makes an important impact on the economy of Australia as well as of other countries. Economic Aspect Wesfarmers has been more than generous to grant salaries to their employees in the year 2014. It has paid almost $8000 million to almost 200,000 employees as wages and salaries for the wellbeing and development of the family of the employees. It has also paid around $ 1800 million in taxes and royalties (Wesfarmers.com.au. 2016). In the respective year 2015, additional amount of $43,000 million was paid to the suppliers of the company. Another about $7800 million was paid in salaries and wages without any change in the number of employees (Hermalin and Weisbach, 2012). The company also thinks about the welfare of its stakeholders as it has paid $2300 million to its shareholders as dividend amount. Amount of $1500 million was paid in taxes and royalties. The dividends of stakeholders were levied around $2200 million among 500,000 shareholders. Environment Aspect Climate change has been a deciding factor for the business of Wesfarmers. Reduction in carbon emission during the operations and business of the company and understanding the associated risk of climate change has been listed as a priority task in sustainability report (Wintoki et al. 2012). For this purpose, Wesfarmers has tried to improve their efficiency of energy and has aimed to reduce direct emissions where possible. Risk management assesses the variety risk associated with climate change and takes steps to mitigate that risk. It has been observed that there has been a reduction in the emissions at Fertilizers, Chemicals and Energy is because of the cut catalyst in the plants of nitric acid (Harford, Mansi and Maxwell 2012). There have been certain innovations in the working of nitric acid plants so that no nitrous oxide leakage is possible. The reduced level of emissions was also due to the reason that one of the nitric acid plants was offline for almost three months due to the failure in mechanism. Some of the reduction measured in the report has been due to the accurate measurement done by the experts. In the recorded year 2014, energy use has enhanced by 4 percent which is mainly due to the increase in coal production of the resources section which has been around 15 percent (Claessens and Yurtoglu 2013). Taking into consideration, the climatic risks generated by the manufacturing units of the company, there are certain factors which are to be kept in mind. Risk of climate change and its effect on the business need to be mitigated in two ways. At first monitoring of the greenhouse gas emissions should be done with the aim of reduction wherever possible. Secondly, the risk assessment of the climate change which can be created by the business and operations of the company. It is imperative that climate is changing due to human actions and Australia is also responsible for mitigation of its effects (Bell, Filatotchev and Aguilera 2014). Wesfarmers is committed to Federal Governments work for limiting global warming in the range of 2degree Celsius or less. Some long term policies are also devised to decarbonization to happen effectively. Wesfarmers is determined to implement some policies which reduce costs and risks of greenhouse gas emissions. Wesfarmers made a deal with the Business Co alition Climate Change in September 2015. Since the company emits poisonous gases both indirectly and directly, having its source from industrial plants which includes diesel, natural gas and other emissions coming from coal mining. The company manages its emission intensity with the help of technological improvements or through industrial processes. The company has aimed at improving its potential of risk management of environmental nature. Wesfarmers have focused on research and development of testing methods to find robustness of supply chain and business operations to mitigate the climate change (Michael and Goo 2015). Wesfarmers division have a variety of divisions dealing with efficiency of energy which is under development such as LED lighting projects situated at Blackwoods and Kmart. The company has created an internal shadow price of carbon use in the allocation of capital expenditure from the period of July 2015. This is designed to encourage marginal emissions projects to ensure that the regulations of standards are followed and maintained. In consensus with the risk factors are also considered in the investments which are emission intensive. Prices of the services are revised annually. Part B Fuji Xerox Australia is the company which offers printing solutions and document printing technologies. Market and technology has changed in the recent years which has brought drastic changes in the documentation methods which are generally used in the corporate and other business operations. To have a developed and up to date document management solutions gives an edge in the working of any organization. Fuji Xerox provides all kinds of solutions within the business framework. With changing demands of business and technology, the company has also evolved. It hosts the leading technological advancements to work smarter and business goal oriented. The company believes that it understands the document business as they are the key factor to influence business decisions (Fujixerox.com 2016). This understanding helps its clients to use the potential of electronic media and paper simultaneously. Fuji Xerox are experts in workflows and documentation which guides any firm to streamline their business processes. The company issues its annual sustainability report which comprises of the value of chain of work ranging from suppliers to the customers. It provides sustainable solutions with the growth and development of its business. The report of sustainability mainly focuses on the material benefits to the business as well as to the stakeholders. Fuji Xerox Comparison A comparison is being made of the sustainability report of two consecutive years 2014 and 2015 based on the GRI guidelines. The discussion is mentioned below: Aspects 2014 2015 Conclusion Social Aspect Every person has the right to work in an atmosphere where there is no bias or harassment and gives a positive vibe to the workers. Fuji Xerox believes that diversity is good for business. Even government organizations have started monitoring work in the company to avoid gender biasness and other practices of discrimination. Fuji Xerox aims to attract, preserve and develop talented people who hail from different places and bring with the experiences and knowledge of various fields and innovative ideas, perspective and different leadership styles. This requires the organization to have a cultural base where the workers feel respected and supported (Erkens, Hung and Matos 2012). Fuji Xerox comprises of employee assistance program which helps other staff to develop a tendency of managing and accomplishing tasks of various nature. Fuji Xerox has recognized various issues of society which the firm should rectify as being a responsible corporate citizen. The company aims to solve these issues by creating a value of its customers and stakeholders in the eyes of business system. This is done by providing both value services to its customers of top quality through its entire business process. There are certain issues in which Fuji Xerox should take steps to mitigate them. These issues are increase in complexity of social issues at the time of globalization and diversity of needs. This program is supervised by the skilled and trained staff of the company. In this year the company has started a program to develop peoples mental health and skill so that correct management steps are taken at the right time. The company realizes that it can be stressful for employees to work at a certain stage of business and that state of mind needs to be taken care of. Realization of full potential of ICT and harnessing information from it. To build a society this is completely robust from disaster risk. And lastly improving the quality of working environment for the development of workers. Governance Aspect Strategic management decisions are taken between Fuji Xerox Australia and Fuji Xerox Asia Pacific. Operational plan is discussed between both the managements before reaching to a conclusion (Brown et al. 2012). Before commencement of a financial year, all the operational plans of development and expenditures are agreed within the management of both companies headquarters. The Asia Pacific branch heads all the governing decisions and powers of board of directors. Whereas, the Australian branch consists of the Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer and the Chairman. There have been certain modifications in the governance of Fuji Xerox Australia in one year. But the belief of the company in contributing to the welfare of society remains same. It aims to create new values for its customers and stakeholders. It has the tendency to constantly evolve its business processes to remain competitive in the market. Fuji Xerox has built mechanisms to be ever evolving with the need and requirement of its customers to provide the best service available in the business. One of such mechanism is the policy of plan-do-check-act (PDCA) which is a continuous improvement cycle. Fuji Xerox has a high priority for communication and monitoring systems to help its management to include the stakeholders for evaluation so that they can give feedback to the management. The company has also incorporated Corporate Social Responsibility in its governance mechanism to achieve higher goal of sustainability. Fuji Xerox went under major structural changes in its operating model in March 2014. The changes were brought in five sectors which are Sales and Marketing, Customer Operations, Finance and Technology, People and Culture, Governance, Risk and Assurance. In the annual report of Fuji Xerox on sustainability, it works on providing the CSR information to the stakeholders. Other systems such as websites and channels are also used to publish this report. The sustainability report is kept in higher esteem for both stakeholders and customers for information gathering. It enhances the awareness and transparency of policies and activities conducted by the company among its stakeholders. Business Aspect Fuji Xerox has a comprehensive portfolio of supplies, document technology, software and services to offer its customers. The company also provides back-end support which allows its clients to focus more on their main business. The customer base of this company is very wide which covers the medium, small and large non-profit, public and private enterprises all across Australia. Fuji Xerox believes in monitoring and accomplishing the expectations of its stakeholders. By including them in the business processes the company receives feedback from the stakeholders which is incorporated in the business decisions in the upcoming development projects. To get proper feedback the company holds meetings and discussion sessions with the top officials such as CEO and directors with the stakeholders so that their inputs and suggestions are distributed in a fair manner and with much importance (Liu and McConnell 2013). Some business techniques applied by Fuji Xerox are survey for customer satisfaction, survey of brands, self-evaluation for ethical procurement from suppliers, discussion with CSR experts, survey for employee satisfaction and CSR questionnaire. Since the technology is changing at a rapid pace, to cope up with the advancements of technology, products and services provided by Fuji Xerox should be unique and personalized. This gives its users an edge over comp eting companies in the business. It has been endowed with many awards of leadership and environmental sustainability which has made this company famous and popular among its users. The services provided by Fuji Xerox in different sections of business can be termed as: Office Solutions: Printers, multifunctional devices and other documentation solutions. Production Services: Commercial services of printing, software services and other solutions of workflow. Global Services: Print services which are managed, strategies of documentation and digital communication, creative services, mailing services, production infrastructure management in printing and even business process outsourcing. Other global services are human resource record keeping, application processing, content publishing, storage and imaging. The company has targeted new countries for expanding their business and customer base. Now they are helping customers across the world in developing their documentation process with support and solutions of Fuji Xerox . Part C As it has been discussed, above in the Part A of the report about Wesfarmers Limited that it is a company based on safety products and minerals and other natural resources. It can be concluded here that the company has a streamlined corporate governance structure with a social responsibility towards its customers and stakeholders. It issues annual sustainability report which is in consensus with the G4 guidelines derived from the GRI standard. Based on these guidelines the above report illustrates three aspects of sustainability report which are economy, society and environment (Bushee, Carter and Gerakos 2013). It has been established here that the company aims to follow every regulation which makes it more responsible for its sustainability in the process of its business operations. The main aim of this report is to encourage stakeholders of the company to get indulged in the business and decision making. It is done by informing the stakeholders and inviting them to participate in the core business of the company. Moreover, other aspect of the report shows that the company also prioritizes the social and environmental impacts that are created by its business operations. For that purpose, Wesfarmers take preventive steps to make the most out of their available resources towards a sustainable future. It can be observed in the above discussion of Part B, Fuji Xerox is a company related with the document technology and services. It has its branch in Australia as well as in Asia Pacific. It manages its business from the both the places with proper distribution of responsibilities. This company also releases its annual report on sustainability. Mention of two annual reports of the consecutive years 2014 and 2015 is made to compare the changes that have occurred in the respective years. It can be observed that there have been significant changes in the business process of the company regarding the sustainability. Although G4 guidelines have been followed to the word, there are certain changes that are visible in the report. The company is technologically driven and aims to keep evolving itself with changes and advancements in its technical feature. With same attitude it provides adequate facilities to its stakeholders and customers in business aspect as well as in the governance aspec t of the company. There has been a proper CSR evaluation of the company by experts with inputs and suggestions from the stakeholders who have keen interest in the decision making process of the company. Part D Reflective Journal of Personal Development In the process of making this internal report, I have been through the sustainability reports of both the companies Wesfarmers Limited and Fuji Xerox Australia. The referred reports were of the years 2014 and 2015 from which all the information and conclusions are derived. After going through the annual sustainability reports I have gained knowledge about the structure of corporate governance and social responsibility of two organizations hailing from different fields and having a completely different customer base. It has come to light that operation process of business is not the only factor responsible for smooth functioning of a company. But the consideration of Corporate Social Responsibility and other factors which comes under the ambit of corporate governance hold equal importance in the business. I have often seen business firm sacrificing their social value in order to achieve financial goals but after getting through this report it is quite imperative that financial achieve ments are just ways of establishing a market of the business. To stay in the business for long and to succeed in it with full potential any organization has to fulfill its sustainability roles. The value of stakeholders and their benefits are quite clearly depicted in the report which signifies that their role in smooth governance of a firm cannot be ignored. I have understood clearly that if one compares the annual sustainability report of a company of two consecutive years he can easily analyze the type of business operations which is done by the company. This internal report has been an eye opener for me regarding the importance of proper framework of corporate governance and social responsibility of any organization. I have learned the process of business and its operations which is done for the mitigation of risk factors involved in the business. Some of these concepts were confusing at first and I was not able to figure it out completely about the factors of sustainability rep ort and its influence on business process but now it has been clearly defined in my mind. The concept of sustainable business model is easy to understand and implement in a given circumstance. Further, I have gained an understanding of the total impact a company has on environment, society and economy of a country and how much that impact can affect the lives of citizens living in that particular country. References Acharya, V.V., Gottschalg, O.F., Hahn, M. and Kehoe, C., 2013. Corporate governance and value creation: Evidence from private equity.Review of Financial Studies,26(2), pp.368-402. Aebi, V., Sabato, G. and Schmid, M., 2012. Risk management, corporate governance, and bank performance in the financial crisis.Journal of Banking Finance,36(12), pp.3213-3226. Armstrong, C.S., Blouin, J.L., Jagolinzer, A.D. and Larcker, D.F., 2015. Corporate governance, incentives, and tax avoidance.Journal of Accounting and Economics,60(1), pp.1-17. Bell, R.G., Filatotchev, I. and Aguilera, R.V., 2014. Corporate governance and investors' perceptions of foreign IPO value: An institutional perspective.Academy of Management Journal,57(1), pp.301-320. Brammer, S. and Pavelin, S., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. Brown, R., Gao, N., Lee, E. and Stathopoulos, K., 2012. What are friends for? CEO networks, pay and corporate governance. InCorporate Governance(pp. 287-307). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bushee, B.J., Carter, M.E. and Gerakos, J., 2013. Institutional investor preferences for corporate governance mechanisms.Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), pp.123-149. Chen, C.X., Lu, H. and Sougiannis, T., 2012. The agency problem, corporate governance, and the asymmetrical behavior of selling, general, and administrative costs.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(1), pp.252-282. Claessens, S. and Yurtoglu, B.B., 2013. Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, pp.1-33. Denis, D.K., 2016. Corporate Governance and the Goal of the Firm: In Defense of Shareholder Wealth Maximization.Forthcoming in the Financial Review. Erkens, D.H., Hung, M. and Matos, P., 2012. Corporate governance in the 20072008 financial crisis: Evidence from financial institutions worldwide.Journal of Corporate Finance,18(2), pp.389-411. Fujixerox.com., 2016.Corporate Profile : Company : FUJI XEROX. [online] Available at: https://www.fujixerox.com/eng/company/profile/ [Accessed 14 Oct. 2016]. Harford, J., Mansi, S.A. and Maxwell, W.F., 2012. Corporate governance and firm cash holdings in the US. InCorporate Governance(pp. 107-138). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hermalin, B.E. and Weisbach, M.S., 2012. Information disclosure and corporate governance.The Journal of Finance,67(1), pp.195-233. Jo, H. and Harjoto, M.A., 2012. The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,106(1), pp.53-72. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Liu, B. and McConnell, J.J., 2013. The role of the media in corporate governance: Do the media influence managers' capital allocation decisions?.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), pp.1-17. Masulis, R.W., Wang, C. and Xie, F., 2012. Globalizing the boardroomThe effects of foreign directors on corporate governance and firm performance.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(3), pp.527-554. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance. Michael, B. and Goo, S.H., 2015. Corporate governance and its reform in Hong Kong: a study in comparative corporate governance.Corporate Governance,15(4), pp.444-475. Nini, G., Smith, D.C. and Sufi, A., 2012. Creditor control rights, corporate governance, and firm value.Review of Financial Studies,25(6), pp.1713-1761. Sapra, H., Subramanian, A. and Subramanian, K.V., 2014. Corporate governance and innovation: Theory and evidence.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,49(04), pp.957-1003. Tricker, B., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Walls, J.L., Berrone, P. and Phan, P.H., 2012. Corporate governance and environmental performance: is there really a link?.Strategic Management Journal,33(8), pp.885-913. Wesfarmers.com.au., 2016.Home. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed 14 Oct. 2016]. Westphal, J.D. and Zajac, E.J., 2013. A behavioral theory of corporate governance: Explicating the mechanisms of socially situated and socially constituted agency.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.607-661. Wintoki, M.B., Linck, J.S. and Netter, J.M., 2012. Endogeneity and the dynamics of internal corporate governance.Journal of Financial Economics,105(3), pp.581-606.

Concepts of Unions

In what ways is the process of essays

In what ways is the process of essays The process of globalisation itself is challenging and changing our understanding of government and democracy in the 21st century. These ways have been influenced by various principles associated with the state sovereignty and liberal democracy. In this Briefing Paper, however, I will only illuminate two of these principles, which I regard as the most important ones. I am going to argue that the globalisation of the economy, as well as in the environment, cause huge challenges for governments and democracies. These challenges include diminishing control over a defined territory through factors such as international (non)- governmental organizations and transboundary pollution. One of the most important principles achieved in The Peace Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 was the establishment of the state sovereignty, which had an ulterior motive that states hold absolute power over their own territory and population. However, in the last few decades, the state sovereignty has being eroded by factors such as interdependence, and particularly through globalisation. In addition, the core principles of liberal democracy include self- governance, the demos, consent, representation, and popular sovereignty. These principles are coming under certain pressures in many different respects. Of these principles, the globalisation of the economy, as well as in the environment, show to be major influences to liberal democracies and domestic governments. In 1998, Held argued that liberal democracy assumes a direct and symmetrical correspondence between government and the governed (Held, 1998). However, under the conditions of globalisation this correspondence is disrupted since, in an increasingly interconnected world system, sites of power can be large distances away. This shows to be the first big challenge for liberal democracies. What I mean by sites of power? Global economic processes, such as trad...

International OB Managing Across Cultures Essay

International OB Managing Across Cultures - Essay Example A Japanese businessman will always consult within his group before making a decision. Because of their intense loyalty, one's identity is subsumed into the group. It is important to never single out a Japanese counterpart, even for praise or encouragement. Contrarily, the Spaniards have a hierarchy style of management and it is best to deal with "el jefe" or "el pardon"-the one who will be making the decision. Spaniards also will expect whomever they are dealing with to have decisions-making authority. When dealing with Spain or most Asian cultures, it is also critical to understand the concept of "saving face". Any loss of control of emotions or embarrassment is considered disastrous in business negotiations in these cultures. Honor and personal pride mean everything and they must not be insulted. Because of this attitude it is very important to carefully prepare presentations so that they are easy for the audience to understand. Paying close attention to determine if anything is misunderstood during the presentation is also a must. Because of this concept of "saving face" the presenter will not know if they are having difficulties. Close attention must be paid to conversations in order to discern the sincerity of what is being said. In Japan, a deal is never refused directly, and any dealings with Japanese business culture should remain indirect. In Business Cards In nearly all countries, it is important that business cards be printed one side in English, and the other in their language. When presenting the card, it should be presented with their language facing the recipient. In Japan, the exchange of business cards is not to be taken lightly. When you receive the card of a Japanese businessman, be sure to make a show of examining it carefully and then making a remark about the card. Ask any questions about anything on the card which is difficult to pronounce or understand. The card should then be placed in a case or on a near by table. A card shouldn't be shoved into a pocket or be written on. Concepts of Time Time orientation is an important cultural difference that Americans must pay close attention to. In America, time is viewed as a precious commodity. Time is related with productivity, efficiency, and money. Many other countries have a much more relaxed perception of time. They take their time, and enjoy it. In Mexico you can ask if a scheduled appointment is "en punto" (the precise time), or "mas o menos". "Mas o menos" appointments are often scheduled a half an hour to an hour before the actual time. With both Mexican and Japanese cultures it is also important not to expect instant results. Plenty of time should be allowed for contemplation and decision making. In Mexico it is important to adjust any expectations regarding deadlines and efficiency. Doing business over borders and through time zones has become commonplace in the twenty-first century. Technological advancements in communication and travel make it possible to do business across the globe almost instantaneously. Doing business with multiple cultures can be a challenging venture. International communication skills of an organization can determine success or failure. In order to interact with different cultures, it is necessary to understand the basic characteristics of the culture. This type of understanding helps to make

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Management accounting - Essay Example It may be noted that the financial tool of ratio analysis has been used to make comments and comparisons between the two companies over their financial position and performance. During 2007 Intercontinental has not effectively improved upon its profitability performances in 2006. In fact it has maintained more or less the same level of profitability as was in 2006.The increases in profitability ratios in net profit and return on equity are deceptive. ROE has increased manifolds because capital employed has been reduced tremendously from $686m to mere $49m. Otherwise gross profit ratio that shows the real operative efficiency of the entity has dwindled and remained at almost the same level. Increase in return on capital employed is marginal. The overall efficiency on operational profitability has not improved. The profitability performance of Peel Hotels in 2007 has also gone down when compared with 2006. Gross profits and ROCE that show operational efficiency has shown declined performances. On the hand ROE, return on assets, net profit ratios that are affected by factors other than operation performances have shown increased performances. The result is that company has not improved upon its real profitability but shown efficiency only to attract investors and other interested users of financial statements. Both companies are facing liquidity crunch as reflected from their current and quick ratios. Both ratios are lower than the standards required to maintain optimum level of liquidity. The liquidity status is critical in both the years for each of the companies. The companies have to take some extraordinary steps to improve liquidity; otherwise both companies are facing the danger of short term insolvency. Intercontinental has low inventory turnover but it at least has maintained the same performance in 2007 as was in 2006. The company has shown improvement in collection of debtors but

Inquiry into Patient Death

Inquiry into Patient Death Case Study ‘Clinical Detective’ Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Objectives Background Discussion Leadership attributes Recommendation Conclusion References Total Word Count: 1601 Report for the Bunbury Regional Hospital’s quality and safety committee into the death of Josephine Wilma Troy Introduction This report has been prepared for the Bunbury Regional Hospital’s quality and safety committee, following the death of Josephine Wilma Troy on 14 February 2006. Mrs. Troy was a 63 year old lady who had been diagnosed with leukemia in 2004 and was treated with chemotherapy initially. The diagnosis was later refined to prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare chronic leukemia, as Mrs. Troy’s leukemia persisted in her bone marrow after an initial course of chemotherapy. Disease together with chemotherapy compromised her blood production capacity. She had low white blood count, low platelet count and low hemoglobin and was susceptible to infection and febrile neutropenia. Mrs. Troy had been issued with febrile neutropenia card to warn health care workers regarding her susceptibility to febrile neutropenia. On 12/02/2006, Mrs. Troy had a temperature of 38 °C and attended Bunbury Regional Hospital with her card. She was started on antibiotic and a full blood screen was ordered in view of her susceptibility to febrile neutropenia. She recorded a very low platelet count (3), which required a platelet transfusion. She was admitted to St. John of God Hospital, Bunbury for treatment of neutropenia sepsis. The following day her platelet count dropped even lower (1). An order was placed for platelet from Australian Red Cross Blood services. She was transfused with two units of blood. There was apparent improvement in her condition after the blood transfusion. In the early hours of 14/02/2006, Mrs. Troy suffered a significant deterioration in her condition. The platelets were transfused in the morning of 14/02/2006. However Mrs. Troy suffered a catastrophic intracranial bleed and did not recover from it. Objectives This report will look in to the events that lead to death of Mrs. Troy and critically evaluate the key findings. Finally it will make recommendations to reduce the reoccurrence of similar adverse event. It is expected that the recommendations will be examined and will be included in to clinical guide lines and policies by this hospital and other hospitals. Background As a registered nurse in charge of the ward the facts resulted in the adverse event need to be evaluated. Discussions have taken place with health care providers who were in charge of Mrs. Troy and patient’s records have been assessed in order to gather information for this report. Description of Models Two theories were used in examining the findings namely the Human Factors Model and the Swiss Cheese Model. According to United Kingdom health and safety executive, human factors refers to† environmental, job or organisational factors and human and individual characteristics and how they influence on individuals health and safety related behavior (Health and Safety Executive, 1999, p.2 as cited in World Health Organisation, 2009)†. It inspect the relationship between human being and the system they interact with and focus on improving productivity, job satisfaction, efficiency and minimising errors (Patients Safety First,2010). The Swiss cheese model evaluates a chain of events that lead to an error to learn from the errors (National Council of State Board of Nursing, 2011). It explains that there are many levels of defence in a system like checking of medication before administration, marking surgical site, guidelines, experienced staff etc. (NCSBN, 2011). If these defence barriers are in place it prevent the error form happening. But in reality the defences are full of holes like poor communication, lack of guidance etc. (Reason, 2000). These holes are known as latent conditions or active failures. Active failures have immediate and direct effect on the outcome as it is the unsafe act committed by the individual who are in direct contact with the patient or system (Reason, 2000). Latent conditions are resident errors within the system as they arise from the decisions made by the top management. They may stay in the system for many years before create an error. Examples include staff shortage, high workloa d. When all levels of defence are penetrated by a combination of active failure and latent conditions a patient safety incident will occur. Discussion Identifying the active failures is the first step in assessing the events leading to Mrs. Troy’s death. This will help in identifying the underlying latent conditions. Active failures Mrs. Troy’s change of diagnosis, (from acute lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) did not document in progress note. Unawareness of Health care professional involved in Mrs. Troy regarding her stay during the intensive monitoring period. She resided in Bunbury instead of Fremantle. Dr. Webb didn’t communicate his expectation of Mrs. Troy to remain in Fremantle area for easy access to hospital in case of complications. Mr. Mclntyre failed in requesting to order urgent platelet when he had a clear understanding of the relevance of a low platelet count. Even though Mrs. Troy had experienced an extreme low platelet count nothing was done by the staff to provide transfusion as soon as possible. Dr. Terren was not provided with the observation that Mrs. Troy’s temperature had raise to 40 °C. Dr. Terren didn’t mark urgent on the original request form for platelet. Mr. Bastow did not advice Dr. Terren that platelet could be obtained earlier than the next day in case of emergency. Latent conditions Failures in communication Communication breakdown has occurred at various stages of this case. Mrs. Troy’s change of diagnosis, (from acute lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) and its significance in change of life expectancy and treatment regime did not communicated to her and her family which caused lots of misunderstanding to her family. Dr. Webb didn’t communicate his expectation of Mrs. Troy to remain in Fremantle area for easy access to hospital in case of complications. There was a clear misunderstanding about discharge and discharge home between Mrs. Troy and the hospital staff. Mr. Bastow did not communicate to Dr. Terren that platelet could be obtained earlier than the next day in case of emergency. Failures in documentation Mrs. Troy’s change of diagnosis, (from acute lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) did not document in progress note. The letter to Mrs. Troy’s GP would only be placed in her file once typed following Dr. Webb’s outpatient clinic. The disadvantage with this practice was Fremantle staff did not have access to Dr. Webb’s revised management plan at the time they saw Mrs. Troy. Inadequate basic training Lack of knowledge about complication of low platelet count and procedures regarding request for urgent platelet from Australian Red Cross Blood service were evident. This resulted in delay in providing transfusion at the most critical phase. Dr. Terren was not provided with the observation that Mrs. Troy’s temperature had raise to 40 °C. Inadequate staffing There was only one medical scientist available. He was not on duty when nursing staff tried to collet platelet. This caused further delay in transfusion as platelets could not be collected before they had been properly checked by medical scientist. Leadership attributes A combination of leadership attributes are necessary to do a successful investigation of the events leading to Mrs. Troy’s death. Transformational and effective leadership is essential for success in a healthcare organisation (Huber, 2010). Flexibility is one of the attributes. The investigator should be able to adapt to a challenging situation. Be a good communicator in order to obtain as much as information about the event and to consider all options (Marshall, 2011). Open- minded to evaluate inputs from all interested parties in decision making. Be able to utilise all the resources available. Investigator should be well educated on policies procedures and organisational norms (Huber, 2010). Investigator should be a good evaluator. Good evaluation of events is necessary for an organisation to improve, to change programs and policies that are not working (Daly, Speedy and Jackson, 2004). Critical thinking and problem solving skills are essential to achieve success (Sullivan a nd Decker, 2005). Recommendation Febrile Neutropenia medical alert card should indicate patient’s current diagnosis in order to provide adequate information at critical situation and to facilitate necessary treatment. Current diagnosis, treatment plan and expected outcome should discuss with patient and family to avoid misunderstanding and to take necessary precautions in case of complications. Employment of adequate number of medical scientists to prevent delay in checking platelets before administration. A medical scientist should present in the hospital at all times. Current diagnosis and new treatment plan should indicate in patient’s progress note immediately following consultation. Basic training should be given to staff regarding complication of low platelet count, necessary observations, proper way of ordering and obtaining platelet in case of emergency. Guidelines to obtain blood product from ARCBS should be readily available in all wards. Protocols regarding platelet transfusion (like platelet transfusion should be commenced if platelet count is below 10X/L for chemotherapy patients) should be kept visible in all wards (Slichter, 2007). Conclusion Numerous preventable factors were identified during the analysis of Mrs. Troy’s case. When latent conditions combined with active failures, they created multiple holes in the defence barrier. When these holes aligned together the tragic death of Mrs. Troy occurred. More effective defence has been recommended to ensure that these holes do not open and align again. The recommendation includes proper communication, adequate documentation of current treatment plan and diagnosis, employment of adequate staff, availability of guidelines and protocols and adequate basic training of the staff. The best way to prevent errors is to identify and remedy the underlying system failures rather than blaming individual (Sullivan and Gerald, 2010). Every health care professional have the responsibility to learn, to improve and to provide safe healthcare to the patients under their care.

Generations: Probity in Photojournalism :: essays research papers

GENERATIONS: PROBITY IN PHOTOJOURNALISM? With the existence of first-rate technology, depletion of society moral standards, and ethics for sale on the street corners, has the general public lost the original intent of a photograph? For photojournalists Wally and Win Mcnamee, a father and son who are well known and respected in the photojournalism field, probity reaches out through their photos with the presence of its’ own soul. Elizabeth Anstead, the author of the article, was all too convinced of this fact trying to expose an alter ego in photojournalism. The alter ego, that is all too often overshadowed by those of poor taste and more so as time goes by, receives the respect and glory that she surmises as overdue. Modern photographers tend to chase personal success, in turn placing a cover over the original story that a photograph portrays. A sigh of relief can be taken after reading her article, for it emphasizes the points that should be held of high importance in the area of â€Å"still memory†. She denu ded the layers, empathizing with Wally and Win both; disclosing to the surface the passion they have for their profession directly out of their hearts and highly noted work, interpreting both factors into words. â€Å"They [editors] think that ‘fiddling’ with images is like wordsmithing, but it’s not the same†¦ I see this as one of the single biggest dangers to the integrity of photojournalism. People rely on us to present the story as it really happened. This is not fashion photography or the movies-- if things don’t look the way you want them too, then it’s the rub of the green!† stated Wally Win when asked about the â€Å"digital revolution†. As Elizabeth Anstead transits from the father to son, it is obvious the reiteration of views and standards written for both generations, the only difference appearing had been the use of higher technology. This proving that the honesty and intent behind a photo is only as pure as the photo grapher. The collaboration of Wally and Win McNamee offers a unique perspective to photojournalism, providing an unchanging view on changing times. â€Å"I wanted to know what it was that made my father the way he is†¦ The internal strength and integrity that he has†¦ I wanted to see if I could bring that out in myself. I wanted to do something that would make him proud of me.† Win Mcnamee stated while speaking on the idolism he has for his father. Generations: Probity in Photojournalism :: essays research papers GENERATIONS: PROBITY IN PHOTOJOURNALISM? With the existence of first-rate technology, depletion of society moral standards, and ethics for sale on the street corners, has the general public lost the original intent of a photograph? For photojournalists Wally and Win Mcnamee, a father and son who are well known and respected in the photojournalism field, probity reaches out through their photos with the presence of its’ own soul. Elizabeth Anstead, the author of the article, was all too convinced of this fact trying to expose an alter ego in photojournalism. The alter ego, that is all too often overshadowed by those of poor taste and more so as time goes by, receives the respect and glory that she surmises as overdue. Modern photographers tend to chase personal success, in turn placing a cover over the original story that a photograph portrays. A sigh of relief can be taken after reading her article, for it emphasizes the points that should be held of high importance in the area of â€Å"still memory†. She denu ded the layers, empathizing with Wally and Win both; disclosing to the surface the passion they have for their profession directly out of their hearts and highly noted work, interpreting both factors into words. â€Å"They [editors] think that ‘fiddling’ with images is like wordsmithing, but it’s not the same†¦ I see this as one of the single biggest dangers to the integrity of photojournalism. People rely on us to present the story as it really happened. This is not fashion photography or the movies-- if things don’t look the way you want them too, then it’s the rub of the green!† stated Wally Win when asked about the â€Å"digital revolution†. As Elizabeth Anstead transits from the father to son, it is obvious the reiteration of views and standards written for both generations, the only difference appearing had been the use of higher technology. This proving that the honesty and intent behind a photo is only as pure as the photo grapher. The collaboration of Wally and Win McNamee offers a unique perspective to photojournalism, providing an unchanging view on changing times. â€Å"I wanted to know what it was that made my father the way he is†¦ The internal strength and integrity that he has†¦ I wanted to see if I could bring that out in myself. I wanted to do something that would make him proud of me.† Win Mcnamee stated while speaking on the idolism he has for his father.

Critical Review for a Research Article Based on Grammar Translation

INTRODUCTION For centuries, Strategies on teaching and learning second language has been formed and apply in the classroom. Based on that, many researches has been conducted to test these methods in teaching and learning process to examine whether it is efficient or just a waste of time. By reading through these researches, teacher has been given responsibility to choose which methods that can be adaptable to their own respective classroom and how it would help them with the lessons.Through this project, we have chosen a research articles that was conducted in China to find out how a specific teaching method will help in the teaching and learning process by examining the research articles written by Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, and Liqun Li. Furthermore, we will identify the teaching methods that were used by them and it relevance to the teaching and learning process in China.The study sought to investigate whether the communicative approach could help students acquire their vocabular y while reading through communicative activities, and develop their ability of using language and arouse their interest in learning English. 1. 0 METHODS USED IN THE STUDY. 2. 1 The Grammar Translation Method This method is more focusing on memorization of verb paradigms, grammar rules and vocabulary. Application of this knowledge was directed on translation of literary texts which is focusing on developing students’ appreciation of the target language’s literature as well as teaching the language.Written and oral translation plays a prominent part in classroom work. This encourages the learners to think and translate into their first language. Classes were conducted in the  native language which is the first language. A chapter in a distinctive textbook of this method would begin with a massive bilingual vocabulary list. Grammar points would come directly from the texts and be presented contextually in the textbook, to be explained elaborately by the teacher. In thi s method, while teaching the textbook the teacher translates every word and phrase from English into the learners' first language.A number of methods and techniques have evolved for the teaching of English and also other foreign languages in the recent past, yet this method is still in use especially in Asian country such as China. It maintains the first language of the learner as the reference particularly in the process of learning the second/foreign languages. The main principles on which the grammar translation method is based are the following: 1. Translation interprets the words and phrases of the foreign languages in the best possible manner. 2.The  phraseology  and the  idioms  of the target language can best be assimilated in the process of interpretation. 3. The  structures  of the foreign languages are best learned when compared and contrast with those of first language. 2. 2 The Communicative Language Teaching Method Communicative has been developed by Britis h Applied linguists as a reaction away from grammar-based approaches. CLT also places great emphasis on helping students use the target language in a variety of contexts and places. It is a great emphasis on learning four language skills – listening, speaking, reading, writing.Its primary focus is on helping learners create meaning rather than helping them develop perfectly grammatical structures or acquire native-like pronunciation. This means that successfully learning the English language is assessed in terms of how well learners have developed their communicative competence, which can loosely be defined as their ability to apply knowledge of both formal and sociolinguistic aspects of a language with adequate proficiency to communicate. CLT is usually characterized as a broad approach to teaching, rather than as a teaching method with a clearly defined set of classroom practices.As such, it is most often defined as a list of general principles or features; 1) An emphasis o n learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. 2) The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation. 3) The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the learning management process. 4) An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning. 5) An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom. 2. BACKGROUND OF CLT AND GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHODS IN CHINA The main purpose of CLT is to develop learners’ communicative competence. Communication is important in order to follow with the development of economy. When communicative language teaching (CLT) was introduced in China at first, it met with considerable resistance (Li, 2003; Zhu, 2003; Hu, 2002). Its pioneers changed the traditional grammar-translation method into a student-centred communicative approach. It is become unusual in learning f or the students because they need to communicate in class rather than hearing the teacher explanation.English language teaching in China was established by divergent stories and not a single narrative. According to Rao (2002), in learning the English language, the Chinese learners are more focusing on reading and writing; grammar and translation; memorization of vocabulary. However, the traditional grammar-translation method failed to make them improve in their communicative skill. In order to catch up with the development of economy and promote exchange, students’ communicative competence even their overall ability in language need to be improvedMost of the ELT teachers who had adopted CLT method grew less confident of it. This is because of their qualification and the National Testing System. At the end of 1990s’, a person named Zhu has summarized with an increasing series of CLT text books that were published. CLT started to be accepted and teachers were encouraged to teach communicatively and interactively in classes. Students were unable to communicate effectively in foreign language and they were dissatisfied with their communicative competence skills.Although CLT was introduced into the Chinese EFL classes in the early 1980s, the traditional grammar method is still employed in most classes. Before 2000, college English text books were used in most universities for more than 10 years designed for traditional methods such as grammar translation method. The students were being used to passive and obedient to teachers, waiting patiently and quietly what teachers give them. An experiment project was conducted about college English teaching with communicative approach and a new series of textbooks.The purpose was to find out the results of applying and assess of effectiveness of the communicative approach in English reading classes. 3. 0 PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY An experiment project was conducted about college English teaching in Automobile Coll ege of Jilin University. The study began on September 2002. 8 non-English major classes were chosen at random. 4 classes will use CLT method in the teaching and learning process (Group C) and another 4 classes will used grammar-translation method (Group T). It lasted for 2 semesters with 116 participants on Group C and 118 on Group T.Jin, Singh, and Li prepared a Pre-treatment questionnaire asked about the students’ perception of the discourse structures and reading strategies at the beginning of the semester. 116 students received the questionnaire and returned them. Then, they were told about learner-centred approach, learner autonomy, the roles of themselves and teachers in class. To conduct the study on communicative approach, three steps were taken, which is a warm-up activities, reading activities, and follow up activities. 3. 1 Warm up activitiesStudents were required to do a group discussion, pair work and individual presentation to familiarise the topic that they wer e going to read. The need of such thing is to make sure that everyone will take part in the activities. Teachers will sometimes have to join in as a partner. The students’ interest in English learning was encouraged in such a dynamic and active atmosphere. 3. 2 Reading activities In order to make sure that students understood the global structure and was aware of the main idea in the material they were reading, teacher and students analysed the characteristics of different discourse structures together in class.Predictive and jigsaw reading activity were organised to improve students’ clarity of the discussion. 3. 2. 1 Predictive Reading Activity The activities was suitable for narrative passages which were divided into parts for one group, then another to read one in limited time, then they also were asked to work in small group and had to offer their own prediction and share with the whole of the class. After that they went on to read and test their different expecta tions. Whoever share the same ideas with the author would be very excited, others with different prediction were amused, too. . 2. 2 Jigsaw Reading Activity Teacher divided the selected material into sections and divided students into group; with limited time given, they were asked to read only one paragraph for each group to find a main idea and prediction for the next and before the paragraph. When they come into problems, they will try to solve it discussing issues with their peers. There are two procedures for this activity: A- First, one student from each group made a report on their findings and other students will have to listen attentively to take note.After all the reports, students have collected all the main content from all groups then in their group, decide the order of the paragraph. At the end of the activities, the whole class will agreed on the logical sequences. B- Secondly, students were divided into different groups, with each member coming from a different group . Each student in the new group brought their materials and all of them organised the passage according to the most logical order. 3. 3 Follow up Activities By the end of the activity, teacher asked questions about the passage to acquire the feedback from the students.All the activities were arranged for all students in the class to participate actively in the interactions and eventually improved their overall English language ability. 4. 0 OUTCOMES The study done by Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, and Liquin Li has achieved the following result which is the comparison on test result, time taken by the teacher in class, and feedback between Group C and Group T which practiced the Communicative Language Teaching and Grammar-Translation methods in class for two semesters respectively. 4. 1 Test ResultStudents were required to take a test paper to check their skills on reading (R40), listening (L15) and vocabulary and structures (L15). The numbers being allocated to it are the fullest mark s. Test papers were exactly the same in listening and reading. The part of vocabulary and structures were all from their respective textbooks. TEST/GROUP| GROUP C| GROUP T| R40| 30. 18| 29. 56| L15| 10. 58| 8. 54| V15| 9. 09| 8. 22| Table 1 : Test result for Group C and Group T Judging from the result of the test, students in Group C did better than those in T-group in all aspects.They were especially superior in listening, and slightly better in vocabulary. This does seems that a communicative approach can improve students’ performance in examination and does not undermine their capacity to succeed in tests. 4. 2 Tape Result The process of teaching and learning of the groups were recorded in audio and checked to see the differences between the two classroom management with grammar-translation and communicative approaches. In the GT classes, the teachers’ lectures took about 91% of the time in class.On the other hand, 64% of the time was spent in student-centred activi ties which ultimately give chances for all students in the classroom to speak English. 4. 3 Feedback Comments on the training program were obtained for a group of college students just graduated from high-school. 29 people out of 30 showed a favourable attitude and acknowledged their progress in all of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills during the three-month training. From the 116 students, 85% of them said they liked the CLT methods better.Students in Grammar-Translation group just sat there nodding mechanically with no chance to speak language. They commented that the teachers were training them to be like robot because they just accepted what the teachers gave them. At the end of the first semester, three university supervisors observed the class with CLT methods and confirmed the active, motivating atmosphere and the positive, effective functions of it. 5. 0 CHINESE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE TEACHING METHODS. Another research study has been conducted by Z .Rao (2002) to investigate Chinese students’ perceptions of communicative and non-communicative activities and their difficulties in EFL classes that used CLT method. The instruments include a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. 30 Chinese English-major college students were chosen at random from those who exposed to CLT for completing a survey. 15 of them were sophomores, 15 were juniors, with 21 females and 9 males, ranging in age from 18 to 23. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. Part A was about the students’ background, English proficiency and their opinions of communicative and non-communicative activities.Part B composed of 19 items asking about communicative and non-communicative activities. Part C invited students to explain their difficulties in communicative activities in class. 5. 1 Research results. The data was examined after it was collected and analysed inductively. The survey results showed that the students preferred non-communicativ e activities, compared with communicative ones although they liked a variety of class activities. Almost all students preferred teachers’ grammatical explanations in English mother-tongue-avoidance strategy in class.Sometimes the lack of authentic English context and confidence in themselves prevent them from participating in communicative activities. Some dynamic, creative activities were welcomed by good English learners. All students thought it helpful for teachers to direct class discussions, and they were they were interested in authentic English materials, e. g. newspaper or magazine articles. All students were interested in CLT methods in class, twenty-two of whom liked non-communicative activities better, and eight preferred communicative activities.All of them thought the combination of communicative and non-communicative activities was better. Because of most examinations were grammar-based, and many students’ motivations for learning of English was career-or ientated. They didn’t attach importance to communicative activities although they were interested in them. And 25 of 30 students thought they were used to the traditional grammar-translation method which was teacher-centred, textbook-driven and emphasized rote memory. They consider their teachers were authority and reluctant to challenge them. CONCLUSIONAfter a deep look into the research articles conducted by three capable and professional professor of English Education, we realise that most classes in China uses Grammar-translation method on their teaching and learning process instead of the more modern approach on language teaching such as CLT. It is by no means an expired approach because students in China still preferred to use the method and claim it sufficient in learning English language. The paper done by Li, Jin, and Singh has explored the CLT method to college English and compared them with traditional method of grammar-translation.Li (2003) summarises that judging from the feedback from the students and the results of examinations, communicative approach was advantageous and favourable, it aroused their interest in English language and developing their learner autonomy. Although the study shown that CLT method is much more efficient with a higher result on English language skills (listening, speaking, writing, and reading), Rao (2002) has conducted one research on students’ own perceptions instead of looking at the end result of students’ proficiency in English language which resulted in favour of the more traditional method of grammar-translation.According to Rao (2002), teacher may help their students understand the nature of the language, the features of CLT, the function of the class, the role of student and the teacher. They could create environment for students to practise the language which give them some insights into real-life situation. Adding to that, teachers could be facilitators that help students to access authen tic English language materials. It will offer students knowledge into other nations, peoples, ultures, and everything significant. Thus it has come to our understanding that even though both methods might be applicable to English language classes depending on the variable of the students’ conception and environment, teachers could be the initiators that encourage students to accept the other modern methods and be the one who clear away misconceptions that might be used to hinder the teaching and learning process in classroom.REFERENCES 1- Lingjie Jin, Michael Singh, Liqun Li; Communicative Language Teaching in China: Misconceptions, Applications and Perceptions. (2005) Australian Association for Research in Education. 2- Rao, Z. (2002), Chinese Students’ Perceptions of Communicative and Non-Communicative Activities in EFL Classroom. System 30, pp. 85-105. 3- Xiao Qing Liao; How Communicative Language Teaching Became Acceptable in Secondary Schools in China.The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 10, October 2000; http://iteslj. org/. 4- Rao Zhenhui; Foreign Languages College, Jiangxi Normal College, China. Modern vs. Traditional. Taken 10 October 2012 from http://eca. state. gov/forum/vols/vol37/no3/p27. htm. 5- Rhalmi Mohammed I’m Rhalmi Mohammed; articles on Grammar Translation Method (April 2009) and Communicative Language Teaching (Sep 2009) taken on October 2012 from http://myenglishpages. com.