The Importance of English Language in India Essay Example for Free

The Importance of slope Language in India EssayThese regional languages differ from each other so much that it is non possible to communicate with people of other regions without a common language. Further, India is trying to maintain a good foreign policy. For all this, there is need of a common language i. e. , English. It is this language which is understood almost all over the region in addition to national language of Hindi, all schools and colleges school English and mostly reach it as a medium of instruction. 4 In todays world, we have to get knowledge of advanced technologies and all kinds of branches of experience. thither is an urgent need of such a common language which squeeze out be understood by youth all over India and the language in which all data and information is available. It is English whole which can be rightly selected as the language to be studied by all of us from the very primary level. This language is a store house of social and political know ledge.Hence, study of English language is of great importance for a ontogenesis country like India. 190 English is a language having 300an international status and can provide the best medium to interact with outside world. In all international seminars or summits, all speeches or course material is in English. If India is to utilize these opportunities, and expand its universal view point, then English is the only language which should be learnt by all of us. 251Further, a nation can remain intact only when its leaders can understand the people biography in different regions and can communicate with them in effective and cordial manner. All leaders cannot understand more than ten to fifteen languages of various regions, however, they can easily understand the common language English. This language is important to inspire unity not only at the national level but at the international level. 317 Today, USA and other countries have made tremendous progress in the field of science and technology.In space technology, we are no accord to them. The world is making progress in these fields at a terrific speed. To increase and encourage more research work in Science and Technology, we have to study all these subjects in detail. And for this the importance of English cannot be denied. 383 Every nation must develop and encourage its own language. However, in India we have diversity in languages and it is not possible for many years ahead to have a common language like Hindi.Under such circumstances, we cannot bet for long otherwise we will be left far behind. As such, till such time one language is developed, we must learn and teach English from the beginning itself. Some subject like Science, Mathematics and technology books must be taught in English only. We now know that we have not been able to prosper like other countries of the world due to keeping ourselves away from English. It is this language which can uplift us not only indoors our own country but througho ut the world. 506

Family Planning Essay Example for Free

Family Planning Essay It means the spacing of children and that parents are totally free to choose the number of children they want. People in almost all parts of the world are agreed that family planning is necessary in every country which desires to raise the living nominateard of its people. Family planning has also been referred to as the totality of human efforts to achieve human dignity, economic stability, health and happiness and welfare through o Birth regulation and spacing of children by the use of accepted scientific methodsRhythm Only method that the Catholic church service service approves of oscillating abstention A plan of avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile period just before and subsequently an egg has been produced in her body Most women difference an egg cell about once a month usually 14 days before the menstruation May vary from month to month and it is necessary to determine whether accurately as possible when an egg exit be produced Can be reliable if the menstrual cycle is regular The reconstruct may help you determine when your fertile period is Sterilization Vasectomy(male) Tubal ligation(female) An operation whereby a tube, vas deferens, where the sperm cells pass is beingness removed In tubal ligation, the one removed is the tube where the egg cells pass Those who use this method are those with three to four children It is for couples whose families are complete The procedure very much simpler for the male There no side effects and the cost of operation is cheaper Douching Flushing out the vagina with a medicated solution immediately after intercourse to remove or destroy sperm Abstinence Refraining from sexual intercourse 100% effectiveTo have all this methods of family planning, one must be full of fire and warmth about it yourself in persuading people to do such. If people are convinced of the possibility of family planning, the result will not only help the couples either abstruse or po or, to have a sound and healthy family but also make the nation a powerful and strong one. The world is not after the quantity but the quality of the people. Any couple who desires to use a family planning method should visit a family planning clinic so that they can bring the important details concerning the particular method they may choose and assure pregnancy protection. General Principles Governing the Choice of Contraceptive method 1.A contraceptive method is not for an unmarried individual but for a married couple. Although only one mate may be involved in its use, it affects the social as well as sexual relationship of husband and wife. 2. The effectiveness and the acceptability of any method are in direct proportion to the run through of the physician in suiting the method to the couples particular needs and the degree of motivation of the couple in using the method consistently. 3. The physician, being human, has his own preference and emotional reactions thereto. It i s only in listening with respect to the patients reaction that the couples emotional need will be met.Catholic Churchs Position on Family planningOn July 31, 1975, Julio R. Cardinal Rosales, pres. Of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, made the following classifications on the stand of the Church in the Philippine Population Program 1. The Church is in accord with the brass on the need for family planning. The church has always advocated responsible parenthood. 2. The church respects the Government responsibility in making available to the citizens such means of family planning that would not violate their conscience of those employed by the Government in its program. 3. The church advocated the family life program which upholds human dignity, healthful marital love and family relationship, and which teaches that the means for family planning is the natural method, with the exclusion of artificial contraceptives, sterilization and abortion. 4. The church maintains t hat the individual conscience is the ultimate arbiter in the choice of the means for family planning.

The Psychological Reactions Caused by Relaxation and Arousal Essay Example for Free

The Psychological Reactions Caused by Relaxation and Arousal EssayThis studys main reason is to explore the psychological reactions by the idea of relaxation and arousal. A total of thirty eight students t part in this experiment. This study followed a in spite of appearance subject design in witch the independent vari fittings were the harmony, witch was playing in the start, the touch stimuli and the music, witch was playing in the end of the experiment. However the dependent variables were the galvanic skin reply (GSR), the heart rate and the respiratory rate. The psychological reactions were appraised by the biopac student lab package. Participants A total of thirty eight students infixd in this experiment. The experimenter used hazard sampling and the subject were first year psychology undergraduate students from the University of Bradford. The participants were asked if they want to participate and their selection was based on their health. Design This experiment foll owed a within subject design. This study was having two types of variables. The heart rate, the galvanic skin result (GSR) and the respiratory rate were the dependent variables.However the independent variables were the touch stimuli and the music that was contend when the experiment was start and the music was played after the touch stimuli. Materials The biopac student lab package was used to measure the heart rate, the galvanic skin response (GSR) and the respiratory rate. Both participants heard the same music played from a cassette player. In both groups the experimenter measured the baseline after putting the cables of biopac on participants fingers to measure all the above. In this study has already been used two questi unmatchablers.The first one was verbal and was asking general questions about the participants health and their consent to carry this experiment. The second one was a multiple choice questionnaire with also some short answer questions. It was asking the par ticipants to describe their emotions during the experiment. The purpose of the firs questioner was to check if the participants were able to take part in this experiment. The second was testing if the participants feelings was linked with the results that were collected ,from the biopac student lab, after the experiment.Procedure In this study eight groups took part. The participant were having a seat in a computer desk in front of the screen witch was showing the measurements in the biopac system. They also were attached to the machines. The experimenter was put some Vaseline in the parts of the GSR and heart rate electrodes that was connected to the finger tips. The GSR electrodes was connected to a finger tip and the heart rate electrodes to the opposite one and the respiratory rate band was placed around the upper chest area.The participants were asked to complete a verbal questionnaire about their health and also asked if they want to participate in this experiment. This questi onnaire was given before the experiment started. When the experiment started and the participants were connected to the machines they were asked from the experimenter if they feel comfortable. Also the experimenter gave some basic instructions and a brief description of the experiment. In the lab were two participants witch was seating in front of two screens.Were also two experimenters, one for each participant and some observers two of which were cock-a-hoop the touch stimuli. A peace of classical music was the start of this experiment. This music was playing for two minutes. When the song stop playing the experimenter asked from two people of whom were detect to touch the subjects by going behind the participants and placing their hands in participants shoulders and moving them to their hands. Through this way they were giving the touch stimuli. After that the second peace of music start playing for two more minute

Impact of Privatization on Firms Performance

Impact of Privatization on Firms Performance1.0 understructurePrivatization doneout the 1980s has been considered to be the solutions to the problems associated State Owned Enterprise (SOE)s twain in the unquestionable and developing economies and even in the socialist economies (Vickers and Yarrow 1995). In reality privatization is an economies policy and early(a) condem races a governmental policy that is uncorrectable to chance on al or soly when is implemented in a corrupt setting same in most developing countries. However it is wise for a champion-on- adept-enterprise(a) and well regulated blood line environment structure to be established before privatization captures place.In recent times t here(predicate) has been a signifi so-and-sot attach in the privatization of SOEs. Megginson et al (2004), suggest that political persuasion by g everywherenment as a result of scummy and unsatisfactory financial and operative results by SOEs has make up the transfer o f monomania to individual(a) investor who go forth impact their business discipline in vagabond to improve the level of cognitive operation for the newly privatized SOEs. age Aktan (1995) suggest that privatization goes beyond the sale of SOEs, assets or appoints to individuals or private firms but in a broad meaning, it is to restrict government role and function in providing economic activities and put forward rough methods or policies in order to strengthen free market economy.Privatization is often meant to be the transfer of control and ownership of government asset or firm to private investors. It could be partial or whole, by dint of private stead or public offer of sh ar via the keen market as well as through the distribution of vouchers. The major purpose of privatization is to grow and develop the economic by creating competition that basin bring close to dexterity ***. It forget be beneficial for the logical argument of this question area to compare or examine the several(predicate) placement of academics on what privatization means.Parker et al (2005) states that privatization is apply to cover many arrays of different policies like liberalization, commercialization but in one of its studies, Privatization in Developing Countries A retread of the Evidence and the Policies lessons, suggest that privatization means the transfers of productive asset from the state to the private sector, but withal stressed that the most alpha factors to be considered is the introduction of efficacious competition and regulatory measures alongside with existing firms and for government to accept the political changes that occurs when privatization takes place. slice, Beesley (1997) suggest that privatization is the formation of a companys act company and the subsequent sale of at least 50percent of the total shares of a company to private shareholders. However it is obvious now that privatization starts with the government transfer of its as sets or a controlling share to private investors or shareholders in order to stimulate economic harvest-festival.Privatization as an inherent part of government efforts to rationalize the SOEs. Its mostly done to reduce the burden on National Budget, improve readiness of individual enterprise and ensure wider distribution of business ownership among its citizens and other alien investors. However in most typesetters cases it brings about the introduction of market force (Demand and Supply forces) into the economy. Privatization croupe be set up to achieve different objectives depending on the Political, Economy and Social condition of from apiece one individual Country. This is due to the fact that what is applicable in the UK for instance will most likely non applicable in Russia due to the differences in techniques or method of privatization, general government objectives, SOEs condition, firms sectors activities and the countries characteristics.According to Bennett (200 3) there are different methods used during privatization, either one used has its own receipts and dis expediency. The share plectrum method is the mostly used method, it involves the sales of SOEs through the issue of shares to the public through stock market. For this method to be successfully implemented, the local country privatizing its SOEs moldiness learn an established Stock market where the trading of these shares should take place. Also there should enough public awareness to sell shares. While the private placement option which involves the sale of SOEs to the highest bidder helps government rise substantial revenue but the issues involved here, is the highest bidder will always want to get buttocks their money back in time by exploiting the consumers. This option is mostly done in developing countries where there stock market is still very weak and there are trying to get foreign investor to invest. Lastly the voucher method which is common with Eastern europiuman c ountries like, Russia, Czech Republic etc, tends towards tout ensembleeviating poverty. It involves the all in allocation of SOEs shares to virtually all local qualified citizens of a state in order for twain the myopic and rich to be co-owners of the SOE. But in most case the poor ones are more likely to sell their share to the rich one who will then pass on a controlling stake.1.1 Background to the StudyThe telecoms industriousness is a sizable sector offering a wide range of products and services as well as employment opportunities across virtually all professional, skilled and unskilled discipline in the economy. However the industry has expanded and develop chop-chop since late 1980s, in the 1990s and even more rapidly in most recent times due its consistency in constant need for Research and Development (RD), technological change on both the service providers and suppliers sides respectively in other to satisfy its market and be more efficient to maximize profitability.T he telecommunication industry whether in a developed or developing economies has had its impact towards the growth and development of virtually all parts of an economy ranging from the political, social, financial, technological sectors over its 100 years of existence. However like every other service providing sector, it provides services to the local market and international market where business strategic is always aimed at gaining competitive advantage in the existence of competition and tight regulatory business environment in terms of providing service to users, expanding its economies of scale and scope and equity expansion.Many countries grant monopoly author to their local telecoms but establish an office that will regulate their activities and in other cases some merge their postal services and telecoms services together, example is the coupled Kingdom (UK). The UK telecom has been in existence dating back to 1879, with its first telephone exchange established in Colema n Street, London. 1896 saw the affix station take over the private sector trunk services while in 1912, all national telephone company exchange was controlled by the speckle Office as a monopoly supplier of telephone service in the UK. The ring armor office had two departments the postal service and telecom. As a rule as stated by Ratto-Nielsen, telephone operations, the postal service where subsidized while labor union where paid high rents to organize labor.However in 1969, the Post office become a State humankind Corporation and after the Carter Report of the Post Office Review Corporation was published, the 1981 the British Telecoms Act 1981 became fair play and the postal and telecoms of the Post Office became the responsibilities of two separate Corporation namelyThe Post Office and British Telecoms (BT)Cable and Wireless, which was privatized.While BT was created as a Public Corporation charged with the responsibilities for Telecommunications, Supplies, Installations an d Maintenance. The first competitive rivalry in the industry was the granting of license in 1982 to Mercury Communication Limited (MCL) to operate a obdurate Link network in order to compete with BT. This only made a little impact as BT has a huge competitive advantage over MCL because it already had the market share, established and experienced Skilled employees and existing contracts with postulateing telecoms equipments manufacturers and service providers to operate and even if a year later both where give the advantage to operate without rival firms providing fixed link networks in the UK for seven yearsThe Government White Paper published, proposed for the sale of 51percent of BT and the creation of a telecoms regulatory body, to be named Office of Telecommunication (Oftel) whose duties where to supervise all the activities going on in the telecoms industry and to in any case prosecute those who do not admit with the set rules and regulation of the industry as well as prot ect services users from exploitation. Two years later Oftel was signed into law and then validation of Margret Thatcher creating BT as a Limited Company wholly owned by the Government as BT Plc but was later privatized by change off 50.2percent Shares to the Public.BT is one of the world oldest telecommunication Firm and dates back to be the first ever British telecom firm which to a fault had the sole monopoly of providing telecom services in the UK with the backup of British Government. During the period, from 1878 the UK telephone service was been provided by the private sector companies, National Telephone Company (NTC) who were also approach with competition from the General Post Office (GPO) and in 1896 the GPO took over operation of the telephone service from and became a monopoly market for the in 1912 controlling the entire telecoms market in the UK.In 1965, some finding made by a working party was presented to the government which there found substantial enough. This le ad them to split GPO into two divisions the Post and Telecommunication which gave birth to BT and five units Post, Telecommunication, Savings, Giro and National Data Processing Services respectively. The Post Office act of 1969 made the Post Office to be controlled by the government and established as a public corporation. This gave them the sole ripe to run the telecoms system with listed power to authorize others to run such systems. However the Post Office retained its telecommunication monopoly.The Carter Committee of 1977 suggest for the restructuring of the Post Office into two separate units and further renaming of the Post Office to British Telecoms but it also remained a part of the Post Office. In 1981, the introduction of British Telecommunication act transfer the provision of telecommunication from the Post Office as a resulting establishing two different corporations a bold step to create competition in the utility industry (Telecoms). This empowered the trade and indu stry ministry and the British Telecoms the right to grant Licenses to other telecoms operators to run telecommunication systems therefore creating competition in the sector.However, in July 1982 the government officially announced her intention to privatize BT by selling up to 51 percent of BT shares to private investors. In 1984, more than 50 percent of BT was sold to the public through share option, then the largest ever most successful SOE privatization exercise in the history of privatization leaving the government with just forty 47.6 percent. This was about the most radical and the largest scale privatization exercise ever had in the history of Britain. However most investor where scared that it was going to fail. It was but in 1991 the government share of BT was reduced to 21.8 percent by rising up to 5 billion and creating about 750,000 new shareholders of BT.In reality, the privatization of BT opened the telecoms market for other operates to come into the market, invest in the sector and breaking the monopoly advantage had by BT over the years by fighting for market shares through intense competitive business environment. This however forced BT into having fairer business policies, improved technology to optimize productivity as well as to raise its level of cleverness as government regulatory body would introduced a price cap system. On the other side this allowed other firms to spring up and compete with BT in the telecom sector bringing about maximum utilization of available resources, cost not bad(p) and efficiency. Telecoms consumers where the most rewarded people as operator gave them the scoop out deals ever in order to gain market shares. BT Plc is now run in over clxx countries all over the world and faced with about 150 other telecoms operator. This has forced them virtually to constantly to research and develop their existing technology as well as acquire new ones in order to keep pace with their consumers new and market share.1.2 Rat ionale for this StudyIn this research take up aims to examine the impact of privatization in the telecom sector in the UK post privatization era. Also it will examine if the method of privatization contributes to both the operational and financial performance***1.3 Objectives to the StudyMy objectives will be subdivided into two sections aimed at determining to what extends privatization affected BT performance in terms of one financial performanceBy flavor the determinants working capital management,Share price movement and it covariance relative to the telecoms sector and FTSE 100 andFinancial annual reportSecondly operational performance take aim of efficiencyMarket Share strategyCompetition and Regulation1.4 LimitationThere are inevitable limitation to this research study caused by the different economy situation post privatization era of BT. This can be ranging from some systematic economy problems to specific economy problems that can either be a general issue associated wit h all other sectors of the economy or rather that has to do alone with the telecoms sector or BT performance over time. Also political issues that arise for political interference in BT or the telecom sector which can either be from change of government.Finally as a research study there will be minor statistical error but this research study still represent a substandard cadence of BT post privatization operational and financial performance indoors the very dynamic, rapid, competitive and volatile telecom sector indices and the FTSE 100 at large.1.5 Research QuestionsWhy would one witness a difference in performance in terms of operational and financial factors when a firm is managed by government compared to when been managed by the private individual or investors?1.6 Structure of the StudyIn Chapter two, this study will focus on the methods of privatization while chapter three of this research is writings review which includes hypothetic framework and a review of relevant lite ratures. The theoretical framework will look at the different theories of privatization, how those theories where applied during privatization and the impact it had in the telecoms sector. Also the literature will critically review the impact of privatization in the telecoms sector focus mainly on the operational and financial performance of SOEs before and after privatization. While Chapter four will discuss the methodology adopted to achieve this study. Chapter four will be analysis of datas and stating of findings. Finally Chapter five would be conclusion.Chapter two2.0 Methods of Privatization2.1 IntroductionThis chapter will focus on the different methods of privatizations ranging from share issue method to voucher or the potbelly method and concludingly the asset sales method. It will also discuss the justification why a particular method is chosen rather than the other toward the achievement of privatization exercise and finally the advantage and disadvantages of each meth od used.2.2 Share Issue MethodThis method of privatization involves the sale of all or part of SOE to investor through a public share offer which are similar to initial public offer (IPO) in the private sector via the stock market. This is structured to raise money for the government, divest them also from ownership and for them to achieve political objectives. However in the words of Megginson (2005) this method is the largest and most successful method to transfer SOEs to private ownership. Yet it is the most dramatic because if it turns out successfully or fails respectively it becomes the most political and economy bad or good decision depending on what happens.However, the process of using this method involves the passing through three stepsHow to transfer control This involves whether to sell the whole SOEs strategically to the public once or step by step. If the last option is chosen then government will have to determine what percent should be sold initially and subsequently but the most important thing here is for the government to put up tight regulation to control corporate decisions after the privatization exercise.How to price the offer The price decision requires whether government should do the pricing by tender offer, a booking-building exercise or a fixed price but whatever the decision government makes it must be in advance. However the government always issue out SOEs share below the true market value as an incentive to encourage investors to buy shares.Finally, how to assign the shares This depends on who the government intends to favor most, it could be the employees, labor unions or potential investors and even foreign investors. Also it could make use an investment banker as lead underwriter or favor national champion.Meanwhile this method of privatization needs the existence of a capital market and also has some comparative advantage over the other methods which is rationale behind why it can be used in some situation rather than the o thers. In most case SOEs share prices are underpriced relative to the market price, hence foregone government revenue that will make investor make a premium on overstep of there investmentThe needs to expand the stock market operational capacity to accommodate new issued equitiesAdvantageCan raise huge pith of revenue for the governmentThe strategy employed can be use to create wealth evenly for local investors by allocating a set portion of share to every region within the country. This usually occurs in situation where there is less inequality of incomeThe use of share option, most likely develops the capital market.It is also used when the SOE to be privatized is large and profitable. For example BT,It also transforms the size and efficiency of both the nations investment banking sector and its capital market.DisadvantageIt is time overwhelming to organizeIt is extremely expensive to coordinate due to the fact that before the share are put to sale the government have to hire a nd salary consultants3. Transaction cost is another issue. It include cost of sales, advertising, underwriting.2.3 Asset Sales MethodThis method involve the sale of the whole or part of SOE clearly for cash to individual investors, root of investors or an existing corporation with or without experience in that sector (Meggison 2005).Vuylsteke et al (1995), suggest that transaction here can occur in different forms from direct acquisition by a similar corporate firm or private placement to targeting various institutional investors. However there are different procedures to follow in this method of privatization exercise. This includes firstly the full competitive process which involves a privatization process of pre-qualification of bidders to win the final bid to take-over the said SOE. While the second procedure involves the use of direct negotiations between investors and government representatives to take-over the said SOE which usually involve the search for a large number o f investors.Both process would usually involve the investor who are either new or have an excellent record of both operational and financial performance in the past. This though is not a major concern for the government or standard to win the bid but can only be as confidence booster for both the government, SOE labor unions and management. However the governments have strict interest in the bidders that can meet their financial requirements as well as all other agreement without violating.AdvantagesIt brings about a speedy and flexible negotiation towards the sales of SOE between the individual or group of investors and the government body that is interested in the transfer of the SOE to private hands.It can yield more revenue for the government as the highest bidder wins the ownership of SOE to be privatizedIt is the most reliable method of privatization in economies where the stock market is underdeveloped as well as encourage to a great extend property right theory.It attracts F oreign Direct Investment (FDI) cash flow income into the economies of the local country.It can also bring about innovation in technology, management skills and expertise particularly when these SOE are bought over by foreigners.DisadvantagesIt is the least transparent method of privatization as the government qualification only target to sell to the group of investor that favors they own political objectives.It can bring about exploitation as the new investor might be under pressure to pay back loans and t the same time maximums profit within a short period of time.The group of investors or individual investor might not have the required technical expertise or skill and experience to run the new privatized SOE. These are mostly common with local investors favored by the government or are new in business.2.4 Voucher MethodThis is also known as mass privatization, usually common in Eastern Europe. It is a method whereby eligible citizens of a nation can use vouchers that are distrib uted free or at nominal cost. This gives holders the right to bid for stake for SOEs or other assets been privatized. This method is mostly used in transition economies like in the Central and especially Eastern economies respectively to bring about fundamental change in the ownership of business asset in these economies, although not always change in effective control (Meggison 2005).However, low income distribution level prompted most nations in Eastern Europe to adopt this method of privatization as it became clear that the only viable way to privatize and maintain significant domestic ownership was the voucher method if not only individuals with the wealth to acquire shares which were communist, criminal and foreigners would buy up everything. (Parker and Saal 2003)This method of privatization as suggested by Boycko, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) shows that the reason to purse and specifically design the program is generally dictated by politics. This involves the divestment of SO E through the distribution of vouchers to a nations citizenry that people can use to bid for the SOEs on offer. This method has been used in mass privatization exercise programs mostly in transaction economies in the Czech Republic, Russia and other Eastern and Central Europe countries. However this method has been really successful in the past but most recently are failing because there do not attract new capital or management to the privatized SOEs. come across has also shown that it do not provide effective ownership structure for the new privatized SOE instead insiders end up controlling most of the more rich companies and ordinary investors receive claims of the weakest and least promising SOEs.AdvantageIt ensures a wide share of shares ownership, where as a lot of people would have been too poor to buy and own a share.DisadvantageIt yielded no cash inflow to the government or firms and thus there were no transfers of technology, capital and expertise from foreign investors o r multinational companies to the privatized companies.It also gave the new owners of the privatized who where existing managers and employee little incentives to effectively restructure the firms operation and reduce the amount of stave needed in order to cut cost.In most cases, government never gave up the full control of important privatized companies to private owners other than managers because government still heard a majority shareholding and thus felt that the firms will be too strategic to be left unsupervised. This was because government wanted to ensure that no serious staff cut which would have impact on operational restructuring as the exercise was politically rational but economically deliberate.Government allowed the politicization of credit extension also made the newly privatized firms continue to enjoy soft cipher constraint for an infinite amount of time also contributed to one of the weakness of voucher privatization.3.0 theoretical Framework and Literature Revi ew3.1 IntroductionThe privatization of SOEs has over time been a big and important issue in the growth and development of the economy. This has lead to the development of many theories which explains the ideas behind what is expected in principle and practice in privatization exercise.This chapter will however discuss the relevant theoretical and empirical literatures of this research study objectives and rationale. This involves critically examining the theories that have been developed over time by different authors and how their impact privatization as regards the objectives of this study. This will also state why privatization is vital for the growth and development of some sectors and why, it will not in some other sectors within the economy. Finally, analysis on how privatization affects the performance of a firm will also be discussed.3.2 Factors Determining PrivatizationSOE were highly inefficient and grow at a very slow pace, too much bureaucratic issue can cause no room fo r quick decision making, innovative changes. Also constant government political intervention as well as administration changes is an issue. It is also over dominated by the power of Labor Trade Union (Veljnovski 1987). However after the successful privatization of BT in 1984 by the Thatchers administration, it became an economic policy that can be used to reduce the financial pressure on government budget as well as the concern to prevent SOEs from failing in terms of its inefficient use of financial and operational resources. But could this be a means to wealth creation for investors, who through the spread and acquisition of shares ownership, restructuring and refocus of SOEs economic objectives as well as cutting of trade labor unions influence and power will see SOE to maximize both there operational and financial performances.An argument that must be stressed here is that of the difficulty in interpreting the indictors of both operational and financial performance of SOEs post privatization within and outside the business environment economy. Take for example poor financial performance may be consistent with high rate of internal efficiency if the statuesque is as a result of government policy of price control. However, since SOEs frequently respond to anticipated market failures, profit maximization and similar cerebrate measures might not necessary, be a reliable indicator for their poor performances over time (Ramanadham 1993). Rather this study will support that failure of SOEs, could be as a result of rapid demand for their goods and services faced by their steady but slow growth to reach maximum productivity movement rather than to totally shift production function to meet all demands and avoid poor operational and financial performance.Yarrow (1986), however argued against privatization stating that competition and more forceful accountability will even be better than privatization in promoting both financial and operational efficiency but his ar gument has a limitation, it only focused on a small number of company within UK. Ramanadham (1993) pointed out that the objective of privatization is realized more if it becomes successful within a short period of time either by stock market price rise or increase in the level of efficiency or productivity bringing about instance economic growth and development. But when reverse is the case (if it fails), which happens some time it even makes privatization more undesirable. So it is best re-engineer SOE by over hauling it, as well s to set up a transparent regulatory frame work to remedy what might be a failure when the objectives of privatization are not met as anticipated in order to level the firms operational and financial performance post privatization.In a further argument by Megginson et al (1994) whose strong support from recent theoretical and empirical perspective, that private firms will always outperform SOEs stating that privatization itself will always increase both th e financial and operational efficiency of firms irrespective of the business environment. While another view by Moore (1992) who argued that the act of privatization promotes economic efficiency and public confidence (one of the major objectives of property right theory) in the system of industrial capitalism and thus SOEs should be sold off before efficiency gains can be realized. He also argued that the success of privatization transforms business attitude towards ownership, economic responsibility and towards the improvement of corporate performances. It also allows government play an important role of regulation the business environment leaving the ownership of firms in the hand of investors and individuals who will perform better as there are faced with scare resource and market forces.It is clear now that different factors can lead to privatization especially when SOEs has underperform operationally and financially causing political pressure, budget deficit and waste of scare resource for the government and even to the extent of administrative failure.3.4 Evaluation of the theories of PrivatizationPrincipal Agent TheoryVickers and Yarrow (1995) points out that a problem exist in the principal agent theory as the principal interest greatly lies in profit maximization and high reappearance for investment therefore this aim might conflict with that of the agent who might pursue other objectives apart from profitability. Further stating that since the formal do not have full information concerning what is happening within the SOE and cannot fully control the attitude of the agents who might be over ambitious and purse his own objectives, this will for sure create monitoring problems for the principal. This in fact creates both financial and operational problems directly or indirectly.**However when shareholders can influence the behaviors of agents (management) through vote as the only way to keep them in check, the agent might however work at a more effic ient level and focus on a set objective towards profit maximization. On the other hand when the rate of efficiency increases, it leads to high revenue which is mostly one of the objectives, to brings about higher income and dividend for its shareholders.**Property Right TheoryThis is a set of right to control assets. It is a consequently grants of authority made to an investor or a group of investors through right of issue of share or control either public or private and acknowledged by other persons or organizations (Lindblom, 1977)De Soto (2006) argues that lack of formal property right is what has kept developing economies from been developed stating that it limits the amount of goods and services that can be exchanged in the market in order to have a sustainable long term economy growth. While Easterly (2001) opinion is quite similar to the views of Soto, Easterly suggests that property right is a s

Upper Body Tests Of Muscular Strength

Upper Body Tests Of Muscular StrengthMuscular qualification and survival of the fittest ar one of the health-related material physical physical fitness components (ACSM, 2003). McManis, Baumgartner, Wuest(2000)mentioned that the level of sinewy vividness and survival affects an individuals ability to perform daily functions and various physical activities throughout the life span. Upper-body strength and endurance ar also considered important for performing functional and daily activities as come up as preventing injury and osteoporosis.Because of the importance of upper-body strength and endurance, Engelman Morrow (1991) pointed out that mental try oning developers make continuous efforts to develop different upper-body fitness probeify and acknowledge them in exam batteries. So that the physical educators can use muscular fitness prove strike offs to document health related physical fitness. There are umteen test batteries developed by different associations a nd available for the physical educators. Most of the include test items designed to measure upper body muscular strength and/or muscular endurance (AAHPERD, 1988 Chrysler Fund-Amateur Athletic UnionCE-AAU, 1987 Institute for aerobic exercise ResearchIAR, 1987 PCPFS, 1987). In most of the test batteries, there testament be one upper body muscular fitness test include, but some of them may provide several options for the practitioner, such as, the FITNESSGRAM health-related physical test battery, which was developed by the CIAR(1999) and is currently endorsed by the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and DanceAAHPERD, provides the followers line tests for the practitioners (a) the traditional pull-up (PU), (b) the circumscribed pull-up (MPU), (c)the 90o push up (PSU), and (d) the flexed-arm hang (FAH). Although the practitioner may choose to use either of the tests, the PSU is recommended. agree to AAHPERD (1988) CF-AAU (1987) PCPFS (1987), PU and FAH ar e the most comm completely utilise athletic field tests as measurements of upper-body strength and endurance. But, Ross, Pate, Delpy, Gold, and Svilar (1987) argued that MPU and PU are more acceptable field tests for upper-body strength and endurance, because they can provide a better range of scores. Baumgartner, Oh, Chung, Hales (2002) Clemons, Duncan, Blanchard, Gatch, Hollander, Doucet(2004) also pointed out that modified push up test (MPSU) is comm that used to measures upper-body strength and endurance.Statement of ProblemMany test batteries include one upper-body strength and endurance tests among the 5 tests mentioned before, or provide several options for the practitioners without any explanation.Zhu (1998) pointed out that if test are used interchangeably, tests must be equivalent. Different tests may involve different muscle groups. fit in to Pat Manocchias Anatomy of exercise a trainers guide to your workout, PU involves biceps brachii,brachioradialis, latissimus dors i, posterior deltoid, rhomboid, teres major and trapezius. For PSU, it involves deltoideus, coracobrachialis pectoral med tout ensembleion major, pectoralis minor and triceps brachii. So a subject may get a high score in PSU but a low score in PU, because he/she has a very strong pectoralis major.Sherman Barfield (2006) pointed out that if tests are non consistent in classification, problems can occur when using test sores to classify whether the subject are in a health fitness zone.Purpose of StudyThe purpose of the study was to examine the interchangeability as well as the harmony of classification between the upper-body strength and endurance tests, including PU, MPU, FAH, PSU and MPSU by assessing the correlation between the test results among them.Significance of StudyMahar and Rowe (2008) pointed out that for researches, the aims of fitness test are to (a) determine the association between fitness and other health outcomes, (b) evaluate the effectiveness of training progra ms designed to increase fitness, and (c) determine the prevalence of passable levels of fitness in delineate population groups. In aim settings, fitness tests are used to (a)provide individualized feedback to students about their fitness levels, (b) make recommendations for increasing or maintaining current fitness levels, (c) educate students about physical activity and fitness , and provide information to dish determine the effectiveness of physical education programs.Among the test manuals available for selection, there are five commonly used upper-body strength and endurance tests, which are PU, MPU, FAH, PSU, MPSU. Test manuals usually include one of these tests in their test battery without explanation on the selection. Also the test manuals usually dont have any detailed information of the test, such as which muscle group will be assessed. FITNESSGRAM, a test manual currently endorsed by AAPERD, allows the practitioner the option of administering any of the four upper-bod y strength and endurance tests, without stating their differences.As fitness test is important for assessing subjects fitness, hence, a subject should receive the same criterion classification regardless of what test is administered. If the tests can be used interchangeably, they must be equivalent. Misclassification of a subject may lead to an overestimation of appropriate physical activity or a discouragement in participation. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the consistency of classification, and interchangeability of the five commonly used upper-body strength and endurance tests.Chapter 2REVIEW OF LITERATUREIn most of the physical fitness test batteries, they include upper-body strength and endurance test, which implied the importance of upper-body strength and endurance in physical fitness (AAHPERD, 1988 Chrysler Fund-Amateur Athletic Union CE-AAU, 1987 Institute for Aerobics Research IAR, 1987 PCPFS, 1987).Upper-body strength and endurance are important for perf orming daily functions and various physical activities. A fitness test can assess subjects physical fitness level and help developing a suitable fitness program for the subject. But if the fitness test can not evaluate or classify the subjects physical fitness level accurately, it may lead to over or on a lower floorestimation of the ability of the subject. The present study was to determine the consistency of classification, and interchangeability of the five commonly used upper-body strength and endurance tests.The review of literature for the present study focused on the next aspects (a) effectuality and reliable of the five upper-body strength and endurance tests, (b) equating reliability of the tests, (c) summary of literature review.Validity and reliable of the five upper-body strength and endurance testsPate, Burgess, Woods, Ross , Baumgartner (1993) studied the concurrent and construct validity of three common field tests of upper-body muscular strength and endurance inc luding pull-up, flexed arm hang, push-up, Vermont modified pull-up and New York modified pull-up in children aged 9-10 years. The major findings are that the test performances were importantly associated with measures of weight-relative muscular strength, except push-up test, which was correlated authoritatively with the criterion measure of controlling strength, r(92)= .32, pMcManis, Baumgartner and Wuest (2000) studied the objectivity and stability reliability of the 90o push-up test for elementary, high school and college-age students. They gave out some recommendations on improving the objectivity and stability reliability of the test, (a) the cadence should not be too slow, (b) elementary students and low-strength college women would be more happy in performing push-ups on their knees, (c) subjects should be required to wear tight, short-sleeved shirt for better judgment on angle of elbows. Baumgartner, Oh, Chung and Hales (2002) also suggested that women and very childlike individuals should suffice push ups on the hands and knees. Besides the clothing, they pointed out that hand placement must be specified in the push-up test protocol.Romain and Mahar (2001) determined the test-retest reliability and comparability reliability of the push-up and the modified pull-up tests from both norm-referenced and criterion-referenced frameworks. Sixty-two students aged between 10.5 and 12.3 years were administered the push-up and modified pull-up tests. The criterion-referenced test-retest reliability estimates were high for both tests, but the compare reliability estimates were considerably lower between them. Also the criterion-referenced compare reliability findings were not acceptable.Clemons, Duncan, Blanchard, Gatch, Hollander and Doucet (2004) determined the relationships between flexed-arm hang and select measures of muscular fitness, which are absolute strength (1RM lat pull down), relative strength (1Rm/mass) and muscle endurance (repetitions to fa ilure at 70% of the 1RM). Sixty college-age women were studied and the results showed that FAH is a test of weight-relative muscular strength and appears unrelated to absolute strength or muscle endurance.Equivalence reliability of the testsPate, Burgess, Woods, Ross, and Baumgartner (1993) found that the performance on the five field tests(pull-up, flexed arm hang, push-up, VMPU and NYMPU tests) were only moderately intercorrelated. The highest interest correlation was between flexed arm hang and VMPU tests, r(92)=.71, PRomain and Hahar (2001) were the pionners to study the criterion-referenced equivalence reliability estimate between push-up and modified pull-up tests among young children. They found that the classification agreement between push-up and modified pull-up tests was low. Also they pointed out that because the FITNESSGRAM allowed the physical activity directors to choose among four tests to measure upper-body strength and endurance, the criterion-referenced equivalenc e reliability of these tests should be examined.Sherman and Barfield (2006) studied the equivalence reliability among the four upper-body strength and endurance tests(Push-up, pull-up, modified pull-up and flexed arm hang) in FITNESSGRAM. 383 children in Grades 3 to 6 were tested over a week. The result showed that the equivalence reliability between PSU and MPU was acceptable for boy, but unacceptable for girls. The classifications for boys aged 10 and 11 regarding the push-up and pull-up tests were not consistent, but they were consistent for girls, except age 11.Summary of literature reviewUpper-body strength and endurance are important for daily functional activities. A valid upper-body strength and endurance can accurately assess and classify subjects muscular fitness level. This information can help physical educator the develop suitable fitness program for the subject.The above studies shown that the five field test are valid for measuring weight related strength rather than absolute strength and endurance. Also, for the equivalence reliability among the tests, there is lack of study on college student.Definition of TermsThe following terms were defined operationallyHealth-related physical fitnessAccording to American College of Sport Medicine (2003), health-related physical fitness actually has four components aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility and body com order. Muscular fitness is the strength and endurance of individuals muscles.Muscular StrengthDocherty (1996) stated that the International System of Units (SI) defined strength as the maximal force or torque developed by a muscle, or muscle group, during one maximal voluntary action of unlimited duration at a specified velocity of trend.Muscular EnduranceDocherty (1996) defined that muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle, or muscle group, to generate force tellly or for an extended period of time.Pull upAccording to AAHPED (1988), Pull up was defined as a person using oversewn delay, body completely extended, raise until chin clears bar, thusly lower to extensive hang as in starting position.Flexed arm hangAAHPED (1988) defined Flexed arm hang as a person using overhand grip and in a position with chin clearing bar, elbows flexed, chest close to bar and hold this position as long as possible.Push upChrysler Fund-Amateur Athletic Union (1987) defined push up as a person in prone position, elbows bent, hands flat on floor, thumbs pointing inward and beside to chest, then pushes body up until elbows are straightened, while heels, hips, shoulders, and head remain in the same straight line.Modified pull upPate, Ross, Baumgartner (1987)defined it as a person in supine position, the bar adjusted just out of reach of fully extended arms. That person grasps bar with overhand grip, maintaining arms and legs straight, feet together. hence pull up the body with arms so chin clears the bar.FatigueAccording to Rod et al. (2006), fatigue is defined as the decreased capacity to do work and the reduced efficiency of performance that normally follows a period of activity.Research HypothesisAccording to the above literatures reviewed, it was hypothesized that1. There would be no significant correlation between thefive upper-body strength and endurance test results. And the classification is not consistent.Chapter 3METHODThe purpose of the study was to examine the interchangeability as well as the consistent in classification of the upper-body strength and endurance tests, including PU, MPU, FAH, PSU and MPSU by assessing the correlation between the test results among them. This chapter was divided into the following parts (a) subjects (b) procedures (c) method of analysis and (d) statistical hypothesis.SubjectsThis study was targeted to male college students, who were studying in Hong Kong Baptist University and aged between 19 to 25 years old. Subjects will be selected by convenient sampling. Before the study, subjects was asked to sign on the consent forms after knowing the purpose, benefits and risks of the study.ProceduresIn this study, subjects were invited to perform the five upper-strength and endurance tests in a specific sequence, which is pull-ups, push-ups, modified pull-ups, modified push-ups and flexed arm hang. Test and retest were held on two separate days with in a week. All tests will be conducted in the fitness room of Hong Kong Baptist University or the fitness room of LCSD.The subjects were strongly advised not to have a heavy meal 2 hours before the sit-up tests. The subjects were invited to do firm up exercises. Warm up exercises included 5 minutes jogging or cycling and then 5 minutes related stretching exercises. After the warm up exercises, subjects were invited to perform the tests.The description of the pull-ups, push-ups, modified pull-ups and flexed arm hang tests were described by the FITNESSGRAM (2007)Pull-upsThe subject should start will hanging position an the bar with an overhand grasp. The subject uses the arms to pull the body up until the chin is above the bar and then lowers the body again into the full hanging position. The exercise is repeated as many times as possible. There is no time limit.Push-upsThe subject should begin with a prone position with hand place under or slightly wider than the shoulder, fingers stretched out, legs straight and slightly apart, and toes tucked under. Then pushes up of the mat with the arms until arms are straight, property the kegs and back straight. The subject then lowers the body using the arms until the elbows bend at a 90o angle and the upper arms are parallel to floor. This movement is repeated as many times as possible.Modified pull-upsThe student grasps the bar with an overhand grip. The pull up begins in this down position with arms and legs straight, buttocks off the floor, and only heels touching the floor. The student then pulls up until the chin is above the bar. The subject then lowers the body to the down posit ion. Movement continues in a rhythmic manner.Flexed ramification HangThe subject grasps the bar with an overhand grip. With the assistance of one or more spotters, the student raises the body off the floor to a position in which the chin is above the bar, elbows are flexed, and the chest is close to the bar. The position is held as long as possible.Modified Push-upThe subject should begin with a prone position with hand place under or slightly wider than the shoulder, fingers stretched out, legs straight and slightly apart, and knees tucked under. Then pushes up of the mat with the arms until arms are straight, keeping the legs and back straight. The subject then lowers the body using the arms until the elbows bend at a 90o angle and the upper arms are parallel to floor. This movement is repeated as many times as possible.There will be three minutes rest between each test.DelimitationsThe following delimitations were included in this studyThe subjects of the study were delimited to the male students who were studying in Hong Kong Baptist University and aged between 19 to 25 years old.All the tests were carried at the fitness room of Hong Kong Baptist University or the fitness room of LCSD.The test and retest were held in separate days within a week. information AnalysisStatistical hypothesisThe following null hypothesis was examined1. There would be significant correlation between the five upper-body strength and endurance test results. And the classification is consistent.Statistical AnalysisData were reported as mean and standard deviation. Minimum and maximum values of variables were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Pearson Production implication Coefficient of Correlation (r) was used to examine the correlation between the 1-min sit-up result with that having fixed frequency and no time limit. An alpha level of pLimitationsThe following limitations were included in this study1. The subjects are restricted to the students who can use the fitness room of Hong Kong Baptist University or LCSD.2. The motivation of the subjects in performing the tests, as all the tests are with no time limit, was uncontrollable. It exponent affect the results of the study.3. The performance of the subjects might be affected because of their physical lifestyle and the physical activity level.4. The performance of the subjects might affected due to their different physical characteristics.Study findings are applicable only to the subjects included in this study.

Categories of Abuse Essay

Categories of Abuse EssayAbuse buns be defined as to treat wrongfully or misusefully. There be different categories of villainy that hire been recognized and within our case study there appears to be two distinct forms of abuse, national abuse and child abuse. These depose be sub divided into barriers of physical abuse, horny /psychological abuse, and non-organic failure to thrive. Physical abuse is the intentional inflicting of physical injury or harm or deliberately non preventing harm occurring.The minimum physical signs seen in our study to both Mrs Black and throng are bruising with suspect excuses for their appearance. activated abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional charters. Emotional development is stunted and well- being impaired. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse winning place to James is his aggressive behaviour.The short term effect s of physical abuse to James are bruising and pain. In the long term recurring injuries can result in secondary complaint and complications, permanent scarring and disfigurement. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of great(p)s or others, withdrawal, poor relationship with his peers. The long term emotional effects for James could be low self esteem, depression, inability to form relationships.Abuse can arise for m each reasons and there are a good turn of theoretical perspectives which whitethorn be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The Feminist perspective believes that gender and family roles gives approval to a enculturation of abuse. Consider the historical and stereotypical ideas of the family, with men, women and children having definite roles. With men having power and control in the perspective of abuse. In James case he lives in a reconstituted family with the father figure being dominant and a heavy drinker. From a psychological perspe ctive, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which whitethorn increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his step father. The family dysfunction speculation suggests that the family is non functioning due to family dynamics. The dysfunctioning family attempts to find alternative ways of coping. The relationship between the mother and James, involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James mothers life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope and manage the layuation within the relationship. The attachment theory state that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social tighties in later life. With the acquittance of both his father and his sisters father with whom he was close, may have contributed to his deterioration of his behaviourIf a thickening begins to draw and quarter a disclosure of abuse it is main(prenominal) to ensure privacy and confidentiality. It is required to show that listening skills are employed and that I remain calm and receptive. I must listen with surface interruption and make it clear that I am taking their disclosure seriously. I must only ask questions of clarification if I am unclear as to what the open adult is saying. It is important that I acknowledge their courage in coming forward and tell them that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must permit it be kn own to them what I lead do to tending them and where possible get their consent to inform my line manager. I must speak to my client in comfortable and quiet surroundings. I would ask my client to sit down where I shall use SOLER techniques, which is on- verbal to aid in communication. Using the SOLER theory I would use the five basic comp acents used in communication. I would sit squarely on at the table turned towards one another. I would adopt an open posture. I would lean forward slightly to convey to him that I am interested and committed to actively listen to him. I would sit so that we have regular but varied eye contact and that my client could see my facial expressions and gestures to aid in communication. I would maintain a relaxed manner. This would withal let him know that I am twisty in the situation. This adhered to our organizations policy on Confidentiality and the Data Protection Act of 1998 allowing my client to voice his concerns without foreboding and protected his privacy. I would inform him that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must let it be known to him what I go away do to help him and where possible get his consent to inform my line manager. It is important that I make an immediate record of what the vulnerable adult has said, using only their own words. This should be recorded in the Incident Book, clearly, accurately and legibly, and then reported to the Line Manager who is responsib le for any further action.As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the trouble Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients on a lower floor these standards are legally allowed an individualized care plan, we instead have an activity plan. The policy and procedures on abuse of our organisation are underpinned by the National Care Standards which were set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. This Act came about to regulate the care and social work force and set out the principals of good care practice. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, regulate and inspect all care services listed in the Act. It also established The Scottish amicable Services Council (SSSC). (ref1)The SSSC has aims and objectives to protect the service users, raise standards, strengthen and support workforce professionalism. An example of the code of practice of the SSSC is to look later on s ervice users and carers by protecting their rights and promoting their interests, by establishing and maintaining trust and users confidence , by promoting their independence, while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm, respecting their rights and ensuring that their behaviour does not cause harm to themselves or others. The policy for protecting vulnerable community within our organisation is achieved through and through the careful selection, screening, training and watchfulness of staff and volunteers. Under The Protection of Vulnerable Groups (Scotland) Act 2007 a code of good practice for vulnerable adults within our organisation has been developed which expects staff or volunteers suspecting or have had abuse disclosed must immediately report the concerns to their line manager and write up an incident report. The line manager will discuss the concerns with the person reporting the abuse she will clarify the concerns and obtain all known relevant information . This will then be forwarded to the appropriate local anesthetic social Work Department stating that it concerns vulnerable adult protection. In the absence of a line manager the concerns should be reported directly to the local fond work department and then inform the line manager as soon as possible. The social work department after investigation may have to inform the police to investigate further.(ref2) The principal function of Registered Social Workers is the safety and support of the wellbeing of children and vulnerable adults. They should encourage the wellbeing of communities complying with the Scottish Social Services Councils Code of Practice for Social Service Workers. (ref3) The social work department will work with the police to carry out joint enquires if necessary and organise case reviews and protection conferences. The police will keep safe from harm the individual who has been subjected to abuse and may call for a medical examination. They will examine and coll ect evidence, interview suspects, identify offenders and arrange cases for prosecution. The GP or hospital Doctor maybe involved giving medical evidence of abuse and treating the individual.Under our code of good practice in preventing abuse it is important that I avoid unobserved situations of one -to-one contact with a vulnerable adult. I must never invite a vulnerable adult to my home I must never offer to take a vulnerable adult alone in my own vehicle, if it is necessary to do things of a personal nature e.g. toileting , I must have the consent and knowledge of the carers and my line manager, earlier doing any of the above. I must not follow up on or allow any cozyly provocative games involving or observed by vulnerable adults. I must never make or allow suggestive remarks or discrimatory comments to be made to a vulnerable adult. I must not engage in or tolerate bullying, or inappropriate physical behaviour. I must respect all vulnerable adults regardless of age, gender, et hnicity, disability or sexual identity. I must avoid favouritism and singling out troublemakers. I must never trivialise abuse and never let allegations of abuse go unreported, including any made against myself. The policy and procedures of our organisation adhere to the Protection of Vulnerable Groups Act (Scotland) 2007 by ensuring as a way of vetting and barring every volunteer and employee has undergone a Disclosure which shows any convictions. If any convictions suggest that abuse of our clients is a possibility then they would not be allowed to volunteer or be employed.Sources of support for workers in the field of preventing abuse can be provided by statutory, voluntary, and private or independent organisations. Statutory services have a distinct concern primed(p) down by legislation e.g. social services and NHS. The voluntary sector is run on a non profit making basis and have arisen through a recognised need and reflect societys feelings. E.g. Advocacy, Mencap. Private org anisations make a profit but I am not witting of any private local organisation that supports vulnerable adults suffering abuse. Support can consist of Casework, by working on a one to one basis, by counselling again one to one, and by group work bringing people together with shared issues to resolve problems together.(Ref4) Cultural values head for the hills a part in defining what is considered abusive conduct. What we in the UK consider abuse may not be considered abuse in another culture. For example, domestic abuse has only recently become abhorrent in the UK. As up until the 1970s/80s, domestic abuse was considered a marital problem and to be accepted, but today we have little tolerance for domestic abuse. But, today, ethnic minority women still run the risk of long periods of abuse and find it difficult to report. Families expect women to put up with it, as ethnic women are considered their husbands property. Honour killings are not unknown amongst ethnic minorities using r eligious text as justification. (Ref5)Female circumcision is another culturally accepted form of abuse, still practised in 28 countries in Africa. It is seen to control female sexuality and sex outside marriage. This is through with(p) to girls age range from 4 to 12. It usually takes place in un- hygienic conditions with potentially fatal consequences. Forced marriages are also a problem, by taking the potential bride out of the country against her wishes and forcing her to marry a suitor specially selected by the parents.Sometimes, workers may have trouble accepting the motives of people who are involved in abuse. There may be the need to ask why and how can they have mistreat? Where they just bad or mad? possibly the workers values and beliefs make working with an abuser distasteful. However, a professional approach to working with an abuser must be taken. For those who work with abusers there is a need to image why people abuse.(Ref6)Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the re sult of mental health problems, empathy deficit, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control, some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and as well as trying to treat the implicit in(p) cause for abuse their is a need to protect the community from the abuser. So, the use of risk assessments are important to keep safe when working with an abuser.( Ref7) In culmination it is important to be able to understand the probable risks and take appropriate action to reduce them. Effective communication and personal skills are useful to understand and reduce potential conflicts. Reflection on my own values and how they may affect my practice, cognizance and understanding of the abusers cultural values and background is required. This is to ensure awareness and intervention is employed when required. When dealing with abuse, it is important to listen, understand, report and keep the abused safe and if dealing with the abuser to keep myself safe.References.SSSC. (2009). Codes of Practice. Available http//www.sssc.uk.com/Last accessed 09/02/2010.Stephen Smellie. (2005). Role of the Social Worker Protection of Title. Available http//www.unison-scotland.org.uk/response/swrole2.html. Last accessed 09/02/2010Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Protection including safeguarding and management of risk.. In HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh Heinemann. 229.Mary Barnish. (2004). Domestic Violence A writings Review. Available http//www.domestic-violence-and-abuse.co.uk/information/Cultural-Differences-in-the-UK.php. Last accessed 13/02/2010.Frances A. Althaus . (1997). Female Circumcision Rite of Passage or Violation of Rights? Available http//www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html. Last accessed 13/02/2010.Kathryn Patricelli. (2005). Why do people abuse?. Available http//www.me ntalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=8482. Last accessed 13/02/2010.Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Issues involved in protection from abuse. In HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh Heinemann. 217.

Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road †The River and the

Twains Huckleberry Finn and Kerouacs On the Road The River and the RoadOne constituent that separates a good novel from a great novel is its enduring effects on society. A great novel transcends time it changes and mirrors the consciousness of a civilization. One such novel is Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For the past one hundred and fifteen years, it has remained in print and has been one of the most widely studied texts in high schools and colleges. According to Lionel Trilling, its success is due to Twains voice of unpretentious truth (92) embodied in the young fibber Huck Finn who reveals the hypocrisy and moral deprivation of society through his innocent observations. It is a picaresque novel, or novel of the road, where the river acts as the road that carries the characters on incessant adventures. Seventy years after the publication of Huckleberry Finn, Jack Kerouac began to write his picaresque novel entitled On the Road. Like Twains Huck Finn, Sal heaven is Kerouacs nave narrator who captures the essence of life in his depictions of experiences on the road. Both characters are social commentators regarding the conditions of their surroundings they are public barometers who measure the demesne of societal values. Even though Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is heralded as one of the greatest American novels, Jack Kerouacs On the Road embraces a loftier, more mature, apparitional ideal of life that transcends Twains social commentary and will one day place it permanently in the anthologies of American literature. The similarities between Huckleberry Finn and On the Road are numerous and worth consideration because they depict the hand in hand progression (one following the other in ... ...76. Hunt, Tim. Kerouacs asymmetrical Road Development of Fiction. Hamden Archon Books, 1981. Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. New York Penguin, 1957. ---------, Jack. Selected Letters Jack Kerouac 1957-1969. Ed. Ann Charters. New York Viking P, 1999. N icosia, Gerald. Memory Babe A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac. Berkeley U of atomic number 20 P, 1983. Swartz, Omar. The View from On the Road. Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1999. Trilling, Lionel. A Certain Formal Aptness. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston Bedford, 1995. 284-85. Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston Bedford, 1995. Weinreich, Regina. The Spontaneous Poetics of Jack Kerouac. New York Paragon House, 1990.